heart failure

Question 1

Stages of heart failure

Answer 1

stage A- at risk

stage B- PRE hf

stage c symptoms of HF

stage D- advanced HF

Question 2

stage a HF

Answer 2

at risk

structural heart diseas
hypertension
atherosclerosis

Question 3

stage b HF

Answer 3

pre HF

structural heart diseas- decrease ejection ventricle hypertrophy
increase filling pressure
increase levels of BNP elevated tropin

Question 4

stage c HF

Answer 4

symptoms of HF

Question 5

stage d HF

Answer 5

advanced HF
marked symptoms interfere with daily life

Question 6

causes of heart failure

Answer 6

LV dysfunction
valvular HD
R V dysfunction
obcrtuctive legion

Question 7

classification of HD

Answer 7

class 1- no limitation to life

class 2- slight limit but not at risk

class 3- limitations when actiity but not at rest

class 4- limitation both active and rest

Question 8

trigered neurohumeral activation

Answer 8

compensatory response to maintain BP organ function

Question 9

Left ventricular failure with reduced ejection fraction
haemodynamic changes

Answer 9

decrease contractility
decreased SV
preload increase because decrease in SV
afterlaod increase
LV diastole pressure increase

Question 10

Left ventricular failure with reduced ejection fraction
neurohumeral activation

Answer 10

sympathetic nervous system
increase hr
BAD BECASUE BLUNTED RESPONSE TO FURTHER STIMULUS

RAAS
ADH
BNP and ANP conteract RAAS

Question 11

Left ventricular failure with reduced ejection fraction
VENTRICULAR REMODEL

Answer 11

hypertrophy
myocytes appoptosis

LV sphere shaped- less function

Question 12

diastole dysfunction

Answer 12

relaxation is slowed/ stiff ventricles
atrial dependence on atrial kick to fill ventricles

Question 13

exercise

Left ventricular failure with reduced ejection fraction

Answer 13

recoil is blunted LA pressure increase to maintain output because filling has decreased

Question 14

dilated cardiomyopathy

Answer 14

ventricular chamber enlargements
ventricle dilation- stretched beyond optimal sarcomere length/ decrease contractibility
LV not eject blood properly

dyspnoea, S3 gallop, HF

Question 15

hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Answer 15

LV wall thickened
Decrease filling increase overpressure
pulmonary congestion

dyspnoea, cheat pain, systolic murmur

Question 16

restrictive cardiomyopathy

Answer 16

rigid non compliant ventricles v/c stiff
diastolic dysfnction because ventricles can’t relax