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Microbiology and Immunology > Vaccines: bacterial and viral > Flashcards

Vaccines: bacterial and viral Flashcards

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1
Q

What are vaccine schedules?

A

When to get specific vaccines by NHS according to age

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2
Q

What is DTP vaccine? what type of vaccine is it?

A

Diptheria, tentanus and polio

Based on toxoids - subset vaccine for polio is inactivated due to risk of reversion to virulence

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3
Q

Why is boosting required for Heb B and DTP?

A

Not live attentuated vaccines so needed

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4
Q

What is te vaccine type of PCV - pneumonococcal vaccine?

A

Conjugated polysaccharide - given twice for boosting too

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5
Q

What type of vaccine is given for rotavirus?

A

Oral live vaccine by syringe into babies mouth

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6
Q

Which type of vaccine is MMR?

A

live attenuated vaccine

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7
Q

Why is MMR vaccine given multiple times?

A

Already is live attentuated so doesnt need boosting

Given as precaution in case someone has missed it

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8
Q

What is te 4-1 pre-school booster?

A

Tetanus, diptheria, whooping cough and polio

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9
Q

What is the 3in1 teenage booster?

A

Tetanus, diptheria and polio

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10
Q

What is shingles and how does it happen?

A

Caused by chickenpox virus, remains latent in spinal nerve cells and reactivated (usually when reduced immune system e..g old age)

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11
Q

What is the vaccine for shingles and why is it given?

A

Since reactivation common in older people due to reduced immune function

2 vaccines - zostavax (live attentuated) and shingrix (recombinant sub-unit)
Recombinant one given to elders

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12
Q

What is neisseria meningitidis? and what does it cause?

A

Gram -ve bacterium that causes menigitidis and other disease e.g. sepsis
- has multiple sero groups (classifified according to structure of polysaccharide coat)

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13
Q

Do vaccine scehdules saty constant and give an example

A

No, MenACWY vaccine, now given to teenagers as combination of four serogroups (different before) - schedules change

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14
Q

What are the MenC current vaccination schedules?

A

HiB/MenC combined vaccine at 1 year - MenC is conjugated bacterial polysaccharide to tetanus toxoid

MenACWY at 14yrs old - polysaccharides for A,C,W,Y serogroups conjugated to diptheria or tentanus toxoid

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15
Q

Why was it difficult to develop vaccine against menB’?

A

polysaccharides to similari to human cells

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16
Q

What is the current MenB vaccine?

A

Not made from polysaccharides but from 3 major proteins found on surface of most meningococcal bacteria combined with outer membrane of 1 Men B strain - need adjuvant aluminium hydroxide to make the vaccine strong

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17
Q

What is the HiB vaccine? and what is it used against?

A

used against H. influenzae - bacterial meningitis

  • Type B capsule polysaccharide conjugated to diptheria/tentanus toxoid OR meningococcal outer membrane proteins
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18
Q

What causes diptheria disease?

A

Diptheria bacteria toxin

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19
Q

Where does diptheria bacteria multiply?

A

Usually non-invasive multiplication of bacteria in nose, pharnx, nose

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20
Q

How does diptheria toxin cause damaged’?

A

Toxin produced locally but absorbed by lymphatics and acts at distance causing systemic effects (damages heart, kidney, nerves) and kills epithelial cells forming ulcers and pseudomembrane

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21
Q

What are bacterial toxin disease?

A

Diseases caused by toxins given off by bacteria

22
Q

Give a few example of bacteria toxin disease?

A

Diptheria, tetanus, pertussis

23
Q

What is the vaccine for diptheria?

A

combines vaccine - DTaP or dTaP (higher level of toxoid in D)
Diptheria toxin converted to toxoid so not toxic but still immunogenic
- combined with alumnium salts

24
Q

What is the bacteria that causes tetanus?

A

Clostridium tetani

25
Q

What is the mechanism of tentanus disease? + what the bacteria does and symptoms

A

bacterial toxin disease

tetanus toxin is a neutotoxin that inhibits neurotransmitter release causing voilent spastic paralysis (e.g. lock jaw, permanent smile)

26
Q

What is the vaccine for tetanus?

A

Tetanus toxin treated to makde toxoid (not toxic but immunogenic)
combined with aluminium salta

27
Q

What is the pertussis and the bacteria that causes is?

A

Whooping cough caused by bordetella pertussis

28
Q

What is the mechanism of action of whooping cough bacteria?

A

Bacterium adhered to ciliated epithelial cells in upper resp tract can multiply
Sectrets pertussis toxin causing systemic symptoms including increased luekocytes (rise in white blood cells)

29
Q

What was the old vaccine for pertussis? and why was it changed

A

Whole cell killed vaccine - reactogenic (headaches etc..) and concerns of efficacy

30
Q

What does the new pertussis vaccine have?

A

Acellular vaccine now (not whole cell)
Pertussis toxoid with filamentous haemogluttinin and pertactin to promote adhesion to cells
- antibodies produced against this blocks adhesion of toxin and neutralises toxin

31
Q

What is DTaP?

A

Diptheria, tetanus and acellular pertussis vaccine

  • vaccine for all the 3 bacterial toxin diseases
32
Q

Why is the influenza virus given?

A

Protect high risk people and reduce circulation of virus

33
Q

Who gets the influenza virus?

A

Clinical risk, over 65, carers and health care workers, household contacts of immunocompromised people, pregnant women, children

34
Q

What are the types of influenza and the most common?

A

A , B and C

B is most common

35
Q

What is antigenic drift in influenxa?

A

mutation and selection in surface proteins

36
Q

What is antigentic shift in influenza + examples?

A

gene reassortment betweeen antigenically different strains producing hybrid e.g spanish flue, swine flu

37
Q

What is in the flu vaccine?

A

2 subtypes of influenza A and 2 subtypes of influenza B

- changes based on predominant strain of the year

38
Q

How does vaccine effectiveness of influenza vary?

A

Age group - doesn’t protect elderly much
Antigenic shift and drift - mismatch of vaccine may reduce effectiveness in future

diff vaccine given to elders - FLUAD - to make it more immunogenic

39
Q

Which bacteria cause pneumonococcal infection?

A

Streptococcus penumoniae

40
Q

What diff conditions can occur in pneumonococcal infection?

A 
Meningitidis
Pneumonia
Sinusitis
INVASIVE PNEUMONOCOCCAL DISEASE
etc...
41
Q

define invasive disease

A

Bacterium can be isolated from blood or another located that normally is sterile - usually in elderly and young

42
Q

What is the pneumonococcal vaccine? - 2

A

Polysaccharide vaccine from 23 serotypes (PPV23)
- under 2 years old need conjugated version

Polysacchardies from 12 most common capsule types conjugated to diptheria toxoid (PCV 13)

43
Q

What does HPV cause?

A

genital warts, cervical cancer

44
Q

What are the risk serotypes of HPV?

A

serotypes 16 and 18 lead to cervical cancer

6 and 11 not risky - only warts

45
Q

What are the HPV vaccines?

A

Subunit vaccines of capsid protein - virus like particles - resembles virus but no genetic material so not infectious
Cervarix against 16 and 18 serotypes
Gardarix - 6, 11, 16 and 18 (protects from genital warts too)

46
Q

Why is tetanus toxoid vaccine given in pregnancy?

A

Tetanus toxoid vaccine in late pregnancy to produce IgG - against neonatal tetanus - antibodies transferred to foetus for protection

47
Q

How does the IgG produced by mother’s due to tetanus vaccination reach foetus?

A

Antibodies taken up by endocytosis where antibodies binds to receptor due to lower pH than in blood
Once release into foetal blood, higher pH so IgG is released from receptor in circulation

48
Q

Which vaccines are given to mother during pregnancy? and why

A

Tetanus, diptheria, pertussis/polio
Flu

Complications = either new born contract disease and dies or pregnant woman with flu develops complications causing still births and premature births

49
Q

What is the vaccine for tuberculosis (myobacterium tuberculosis)?

A

not in uk schedule (not routine but still given if needed) but called BCG (Bacillus calmette guerin) - a live attentuated vaccine containing myobacterium bovis)

50
Q

How do we diagnose TB?

A

manoux test - inject PPD(purified protein derivative) of tuberculin(extracted from M tuberculosis) into skin

Microbiology and Immunology (31 decks)

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