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Microbiology and Immunology > Diagnosis and Viral Infections > Flashcards

Diagnosis and Viral Infections Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Why is rapid diagnosis important?

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2
Q

What things aid diagnosis apart from labaratory diagnostic tests?

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3
Q

Give examples of lab tests?

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4
Q

How are different microbes visualised?

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5
Q

How is the use of electron microscopy in viewing viruses?

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6
Q

What are the steps to look at a specimen through electron microscopy?

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7
Q

What are the advantages of electron micrscopy?

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8
Q

What are the limitations of electron micrscopy?

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9
Q

What method to hospitals use to view viruses now instead of electron microscopy?

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10
Q

What is a disadvantage to using electron microscopes when viewing certain viruses?

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11
Q

Give examples of virus types that cant be differentiated using electro microscopy?

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12
Q

What are the steps in virus isolation?

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13
Q

What factor does virus isolation in cell culture depend on?

A

Virus causes cytopathic effect (CPE) - changes in cell morphology that can be detected

  • diff viruses give diff cytopathic effects
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14
Q

What are the diff ways we can look for cytopathic effect after virus isolation in cell culture?

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15
Q

Apart from virus isolation in cell culture to detect cytopathic effects, what other way can be identify viruses? and why?

A

Direct detection of viral antigens using nucleic acid detection methods (greater sensitivity + rapid diagnosis nearby patient)

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16
Q

What are viral antigens?

A

Capside structural proteins or secreted proteins

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17
Q

Where can viral antigens be detected?

A

Cells, blood, saliva, tissues or organs

as whole virus or free antigens or cell associated virus antigens

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18
Q

What are the most common antigen detection metfhods?

A

Direct immunofluorescence for cell associated antigens
Enzyme immunoassay for free soluble antigens or whole viruses
Immunochromatographic methods (lateral flow test) for NPT rapid diagnosis
Serology
ELISA

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19
Q

Describe how immunofluorescence is used for antigen detection?

A

Antigen from infected host cells put on slide

Specific antibody (polyclonal or monoclonal) to the antigen is tagged to a fluorchrome and added to sample (only if cell is infected and has antigens antibodies bind)

Sample viewed under microscope using UV light

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20
Q

In which case is immunofluorescence used for antigne detection?

A

When we know which antigen we are looking for and have specific antibody to it

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21
Q

Name a few immunochromatographic methods and viruses that can be identified with it

A

Lateral flow tests - method

Virus - diagnose dengue

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22
Q

What is dengue and why is it useful to diagnose using immunochromatographic methods?

A

Dengue is a flavivirus carried by an arthropod vector

- useful for near patient test (NPT)

23
Q

What is immunochromatography?

A

Lateral flow test

24
Q

Why are PCR tests used over lateral flow tests (immunochromatographic methods)?

A

PCR is more sensitive and specific

25
Q

What is ELISA?

A

Eznyme linked immunosorbet assay

26
Q

What are the 3 forms of ELISA?

A

Indirect, direct, sandwich

27
Q

What is the use of ELISA in diagnosing viral infections?

A

Antigen detection

28
Q

What are the steps for detection of antigen by ELISA?

A
29
Q

Why is serology used for antibody detection?

A

Good to detect stage in infection or whether it is an acute or chronic infection using class switching of antibodies principle

30
Q

How does serology detect pathogens?

A

Indirect detection of pathogen by detecting the antibodies produced against it

31
Q

How is serum produced?

A
32
Q

What are the steps of antibody detection in serology?

A

Humoral response upon infection, IgM produced first then class switching to IgG, further along reaction = more IgG than IgM shows how far along disease (stage) patient is at (take test twice for this)

33
Q

Give an example of a viral infection detected using serology antibody detections?

A

Hepatitis A

34
Q

How do you know which stage of hepatitis A a patient has using serology antibody detection (specific diagnosis)?

A

No past / current infection and no immunisation = negative for both Hep A IgM and Hep A IgG
Acute or recent infection - Hep A IgM positive and Hep A IgG positive or negative
Resolved infection/immunisation = Hep A IgM negative and Hep A IgG positive

35
Q

What is the modern labarotory detection method of antibodies/antigens in blood?

A

serology and use enzyme immunoassay (e.g. ELISA)

- can detect multiple diff antibodies at once from one specimen

36
Q

What is NAAT? + an examples

A

Nucleic acid amplification - PCR is an example

37
Q

What does NAAT detect?

A

RNA or DNA

38
Q

What are the stages of NAAT?

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39
Q

What are the advantages of NAAT?

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40
Q

What is required in NAAT?

A

nucleic acid extraction prior to amplification

41
Q

What type of molecular diagnostic test is NAAT?

A

Either qualitative or quantitative

42
Q

What are the limitations of NAAT?

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43
Q

What is real time PCR

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44
Q

What is multiplex PCR?

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45
Q

Give examples of when multiplex PCR is used? (which viruses?)

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46
Q

Which substances inhibit PCR?

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47
Q

How do we avoid the problem of PCR inhibition?

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48
Q

What are the 2 types of genome sequencing?

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49
Q

Why is genome sequencing useful is diagnosis?

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50
Q

What methods are used to diagnose HIV?

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51
Q

What are the targets for antiviral resistance testing?

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52
Q

Give an example of a virus we can test for anti-viral resistance?

A
53
Q

What might screening be used for in viral diagnosis?

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Microbiology and Immunology (31 decks)

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