Vaccines Flashcards
Vaccination
- Used to control and fight infectious diseases
- used in humans and animals
- Smallpox was first human disease to be irradiated by vaccines
Distemper, Parvovirus, Leptospirosis
Until 1980’s these diseases commonly killed dogs
widespread vaccination means this is no longer the case. though cases are still seen.
Aims of vaccination
- Protection from clinical disease
- Transmission of temporary protection from mother to offspring
- Reduction in amount of infectious agent produced following an infection
- Elimination of infectious agent from group of animals or country (herd immunity)
Vaccine - definition
Substance given to an animal to stimulate an immune response which will give the animal active immunity against a disease or diseases
Passive Immunity
Immunity passed from mother to offspring in colostrum.
Live vaccines
(attenuated) organism within the vaccine has had virulence reduced so organism is able to replicate but does not cause the animal harm.
Weakened so the body’s immune system should easily overcome the organism.
Can possibly cause disease without reverting to virulence.
Inactivated vaccines
Vaccines containging organisms which have been killed (ultra violent light)
Several doses of these types of vaccines are needed to stimulate the body’s immune system
Sub-unit vaccine
Only contains part of the pathogenic organism.
This is enough to produce an immune response without the animal suffering from the disease the organism is responsible for.
– e.g. feline leukaemia
Vector vaccine
Contains sub units of an organism which have been combined with a non pathogenic live virus.
Advantage - adjuvent might not be needed in these vaccines
Toxoid
Preperation of a toxin that has been treated with chemicals or heat, so it will be less likely to make the animal ill but will still illicite an immune response.
Toxoid
Preperation of a toxin that has been treated with chemicals or heat, so it will be less likely to make the animal ill but will still illicit an immune response.
e.g. - tetanus in horses
Adjuvant
Substance added to inactivated vaccines to produce a more pronounced immune response to increase vaccine effectiveness and prolong efficacy.
Animals may react to the adjuvant.
Hyper immune antiserum
Serum containing high levels of antibodies is taken from an animal which is immune to a disease because of vaccination.
Serum is then obtained and administered to another animal in contact with the disease currently to give immediate protection.
Autogenous vaccine (self generated)
Vaccine produced using the pathogen currently affecting the animal. These are altered in a lab before re-injecting back into the patient.
Can be used in animals with skin infections.
Dogs Core vaccines
Distemper
Parvovirus
Hepatitis
Dogs not core vaccines
Bordatella
Lepto
Rabies
Herpes
Cats core vaccines
Panleuocopaenis
Calci
Rhinotracheitis (herpes)
Cats non core vaccines
FeLV
Rabies
Feline Chlamydia
Ferrets Vaccines
Distemper - Core
Rabies - not core
Rabbits vaccines
Myxomatosis - core
RHD - core
Horses core vaccines
Equine influenza
Tetanus
Horses non core vaccines
viral arteritis
Rota virus
Streptococcus
Primary course - 1st vacc
Roughly 8 weeks of age
Timed when maternal antibodies are still present but in some animals could be waning
Antibodies are produced between 7 - 10 days later - primary response which only lasts a few days
Primary course - 2nd vacc
2 - 3 weeks after first vacc.
Stimulates the body body to produce more antibodies
Secondary response lasts a lifetime
Primary course - 3rd vacc
Given 2 - 3 weeks later.
Covers animals that still had maternal antibodies at 8 weeks and did not create a primary response at that time. 3rd vacc is secondary response in some animals.
Turn out peroid
7-14 days after vaccination during which the animals are NOT immune
Booster Vaccinations
Booster vacc required a year after the primary course to ensure full immunity.
DHP can be upto 3 years but varies between manufacturers and types of vaccine.
Equine vaccinations
Best immunity passed to foal if mare is vaccinated 1 - 3 months between foaling.
Foal’s primary vaccine starts at 5-6 months
Routes of administration
– Oral
Human polio or cholera
Routes of administration
– Intra nasal
Kennel cough - bordatella
Routes of administration
– Subcutaneous injection
DHP
RCP
Most vaccines
Routes of administration
– Intra-dermal
Old style myxo virus
Vaccine failure
Immuno-compromised - steroids / antibiotics Animal already suffering from disease Wrong timing - covered by maternal antibodies Incorrect administration - misinjection / wrong route Incorrect storage Expired vaccination Reconstituted wrongly Incorrect species Black and tan dogs Vaccinating under GA Manufacturer error No booster - failure to vaccination
Adverse reactions
Swelling at injection site Urticaria (hives) V+ / D+ Ataxia Shivering Collapse
