Diuretics

Question 1

In heart failure, the _______ are unable to move _____ from the ______ circulation. This leads to “___________ _______”
The ______ circulation becomes overloaded and its capillary beds become engorged with blood.
_____ oozes out from the capillaries into the _______ spaces.
If the rate of oozing exceeds the rate ________ drainage _____ _______ occurs and then the animals if in ________ Heart Failure

Answer 1

VENTRICLES
BLOOD
ARTERIAL
BACKWARDS FAILURE
VENOUS
SERUM
INTESTINAL
LYMPHATIC  
TISSUE OEDEMA
CONGESTIVE

Question 2

DIURESIS definition

Answer 2

Increased formation of urine by the kidneys.
Normally due to increased fluid intake
Can be stimulated by the use of a diurectic

Question 3

DIURETIC definition

Answer 3

A Drug or agents that increases the rate of urine formation and therefore increase the water lost from the body.

Question 4

DIURETIC uses

Answer 4

• Remove unwanted fluid from the body
• pulmonary oedema
• cerebral oedema
• Increase the removal of drugs or toxins normally excreted by the kidneys from the body
• Reduce blood volume, therefore reducing arterial blood pressure and decreasing the workload on a failing heart.

Question 5

Caution needed in what cases

Answer 5

Cases that are hypovolaemic (low Blood volume) 
and hypotensive (low BP)

Diuretics decrease blood volume so lower blood pressure even further in these cases

Question 6

Loop Diuretics - Site of action

Answer 6

Loop of Henle

Question 7

Loop Diuretics

Loop Diuretics inhibit ______ reabsorption from _____ of _____. The ______ of Na+ in the ______ within the Loop of Henle ______ water in the ______, prevents _______ back into the body and results in ____ ____ as urine.

Answer 7

Na+
Loop of Henle
Retention 
Filtrate
Retains
Urine
Reaborption
Water Loss

Question 8

The retained _____ is exchanged for ____ in the distal _______ ______ so not all Na+ is lost from the body.
K+ is lost instead, prolonged use of Loop Diuretics can result in _________.

Answer 8

Na+
K+
Convoluted Tubule
Hypokalaemia

Question 9

Loop Diuretics - Side effects

Answer 9

Ototoxicity - can cause deafness

Question 10

Loop Diuretics - examples

Answer 10

Furosemide - lasix

Question 11

Thiazide Diuretics - examples

Answer 11

Chlorothiazide

Hydrochlorothiazide

Question 12

Thiazide Diuretics - site of action

Answer 12

First part of distal convoluted tubule

Question 13

Thiazide Diuretics

_______ resorption of _____ and _____ out of the ______ convoluted tubule.

Na+ within the filtrate is exchanged for ____ further along the distal convoluted tubule.

Because a large amount of sodium is resorbed in the _____ of _____, the sodium within the filtrate is already ______ considerably by the time it reaches the _____ convoluted tubule. This creates a lower _____ _____ than loop diuretics.

Results in _____ diuresis, used in _____ stages of heart failure

Answer 13

Decrease
Na+
Cl-
Distal

K+

Loop of Henle
Reduced
Distal
Osmotic Draw

Moderate
Early

Question 14

Thiazide Diuretics - side effects

Answer 14

Potential for hypokalaemia if used with loop diuretics

Question 15

Potassium - sparing diuretics - examples

Answer 15

Spironolactone

Question 16

Potassium - sparing diuretics

Reduces Na+ reabsorption at the ______ convoluted tubules and ______ _____ of the nephrons by blocking the action of __________.

Potassium sparing because the Na+ is excreted instead.

Answer 16

Distal
Collecting ducts
Aldosterone

Question 17

Potassium - sparing diuretics - uses

Answer 17

Used to treat animals with excessive fluid retention when unresponsive to furosemide or thiazide.

Used when trying to avoid K+ loss

Question 18

Potassium - sparing diuretics - side effects

Answer 18

Can interfere with the synthasis od testosterone, which can lead to endocrine adnormalities.

Hyperkalaemia and hyponatraemia can develop

Question 19

Osmotic Diuretics - examples

Answer 19

Mannitol

Question 20

Osmotic Diuretics - functions

Answer 20

Has no influence on Na+ or K+ resorption.

Intravenous fluid solution

Question 21

Osmotic diuretics - function

Answer 21

Carbohydrate that retains water in renal tubules by its physical presence.

Used to reduce cerebral oedema associated with head trauma

Reduce intraoccular pressure in glaucoma

Flushing out toxins - poisoning or intoxication

Question 22

Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors - examples

Answer 22

Actazolamide 
Brinzolamide drops (azopt)
Dorzolamide drops (truspot)

Question 23

Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors - function

Answer 23

Weak diuretic sometimes used to decreased production of aqueous humour in the eye.
Reduces intraocular pressure in cases of glaucoma.