vaccines Flashcards
risk factors for cats
- Access to the outdoors
- Multi-cat households
- Indirect or direct exposure
- Age/Health of household members
- Immunosuppressive diseases
what diseases are covered in the feline 3 way vaccine?
Distemper (panleukopenia), Rhinotracheitis, Calici
what diseases are covered in the feline 4 way vaccine?
Distemper (panleukopenia), Rhinotracheitis, Calici + Chlamydia
what diseases are covered in the feline 5 way vaccine
Distemper (panleukopenia), Rhinotracheitis, Calici + Chlamydia + FeLV
what diseases are not included in the 5 way feline vaccine?
rabies, FIV, FIP
what is another name for Feline Panleukopenia
Distemper
what virus is associated with Feline Panleukopenia
parvovirus
what kills Feline Panleukopenia
Bleach, special disinfectants required to kill (virucidals)
what cats are most susceptible to Feline Panleukopenia
Kittens 3-5 months of age and unvaccinated cats
how is Feline Panleukopenia spread?
Direct:
○ Shed in all body secretions - urine, feces, ocular, nasal
○ Shed up to 6 weeks in urine and feces
Indirect:
○ Fomites (clothing, cages, dishes, etc)
○ Vectors (flies most likely)
○ Transplacental infection
Kittens infected through queen during pregnancy - causes permanent neurological problems or blindness
what are the clinical signs of feline panleukopenia
○ Develop in young unvaccinated cats
○ Fever 40-41.6℃
○ Depression, anorexia, vomiting +/- diarrhea
○ Ataxia
○ Can progress to coma, hypothermia and death
treatment for feline panleukopenia
○ Supportive
○ Fluids
○ Antiemetics
○ Antibiotics for secondary bacterial infection
○ Soft, smelly food
what are the 3 components of feline upper respiratory disease
● Feline herpesvirus (rhinotracheitis)
● Feline calicivirus
● Chlamydia
what percentage of feline upper respiratory disease cases are caused by herpesvirus & calicivirus
90
what is Feline Viral Rhinotracheitis called
Feline Herpesvirus
what are the symptoms of Feline Herpesvirus
● Attacks mucosa of upper airways and conjunctiva
● Causes necrosis of nasal turbinates
● Asymptomatic carriers: spread infection with no signs of disease
○ Often show c/s when stressed
● Easy to kill - inactivated in 24 hours
● Kittens most susceptible; can be infected by queen
what are the clinical signs of feline Viral Rhinotracheitis
○ Sneezing
○ Ocular discharge
○ Fever
○ Anorexia
○ Depression
what are the symptoms of Feline Calicivirus
Causes ulceration of tongue and palate
● Minimal effects on conjunctiva and upper airway
● Can cause viral pneumonia
● Carriers exist
● Painful and affected cats will not eat
what are the clinical signs of Feline Calicivirus
○ Moderate - mild nasal and ocular discharge
○ Oral Ulcers
○ Pneumonia
○ Joint Pain
○ Carriers will shed virus for years!
what are the symptoms of chlamydia
● Fragile bacteria
● Conjunctivitis
● Mild rhinitis
● Mucopurulent discharge
● ZOONOTIC: Bacteria may cause conjunctivitis in humans
how is feline upper respiratory disease complex spread
aerosols, direct contact, fomites
is there a cure for feline upper respiratory disease complex
no, only supportive care
how is FeLV spread
● Shed in all secretions
○ Urine, feces, nasal/ ocular discharge
● Spread transplacentally
● Spread through mutual grooming, sharing food bowls and litter boxes.
● Usually prolonged or repeated contact necessary
what are the 3 scenarios for FeLV infection
● Adequate immune system (Abortive Infections)
○ Virus is cleared
○ No c/s develop
○ Immunity develops
● Chronic infection (Progressive Infections)
○ Cat remains viremic (virus in blood)
○ Sheds virus
○ Often will develop c/s
● Latent Carrier State (Regressive Infections)
○ Virus remains in bone marrow
○ Reactivated with stress
clinical signs of FeLV
● Can affect cat’s body in many ways …
● No signs at all
● Progressive weight loss
● Poor coat condition
● Enlarged lymph nodes
● Fever
● Recurrent infections (skin, ear, respiratory)
● Often a cause of cancer and various blood disorders
how to diagnose FeLV
● ELISA test
○ blood test that can be done ‘in-house’
● IFA test
○ blood test sent to diagnostic lab
○ Usually sent out after + ELISA to confirm
treatment, prevention of FeLV
● NO CURE!
○ Most infected cats eventually die of FeLV related diseases, but can
have a quality of life
● Managing FeLV + cats involves treating specific problems
○ Secondary bacterial infections - anitbiotics
○ Severe anemia - blood transfussion
○ Proper veterinary recommended diet (NO RAW!)
● Prevent exposure to FeLV + cats
● Vaccinate
what is Feline Immunodeficiency Virus similar to in Humans
AIDS
what does FIV cause?
Causes suppression of the immune system (similar to HIV in
humans)
How is FIV spread
● Spread through saliva from bite wounds
○ Outdoor cats at highest risk
How long can cats live with FIV?
Cats can live 5-7 years with treatment
clinical signs of FIV
● Acute
○ Enlarged lymph nodes
○ Fever
○ Leukopenia
○ Turns into asymptomatic stage (can last for years)
● Chronic
○ Persistent diarrhea
○ Upper respiratory infections
○ Ocular and oral lesions
○ Gingivitis
○ Neurological signs - behavioral, twitches, seizures
how to diagnose FIV
● Clinical signs
● ELISA
○ Snap test with blood sample (in-house)
● IFA
○ Blood sent to diagnostic lab
● All tests dependent on cat mounting immune response as they detect antibodies in the blood …
○ If cat has not mounted response - false negative
○ If cat has been vaccinated - false positive
prevention/ treatment of FIV
● No cure!
● Prevent exposure to virus - cat bites
● Vaccine available (non-core)
● Treatment is supportive
● Cats can live normal lives if managed appropriately
○ Regular veterinary exams
○ Proper nutrition
○ Reduce exposure to infectious agents
What is FIP
Feline Infectious Peritonitis
how is FIP spread
●Most commonly infects kittens and cats < 1 year old.
○ Often those in crowded, shelter-like conditions
●Most commonly spread through fecal-oral route
○ Virus is shed in feces and oronasal secretions
● Contaminated fomites may play a role in transmission
○ inhalation
what are the clinical signs of FIP
Effective Immune System:
○ Recovers in primary phase of infection
○ No clinical signs
Ineffective Immune System:
○ Wet form
○ Dry form
○ Both are fatal
what are the symptoms of wet FIP
● Fluid accumulates in body cavities - enlarged/ distended abdomen
● Fever
● Dyspnea due to fluid on chest
● Weight loss
● Lethargic
● Anorexic
what are the symptoms of dry FIP
● Fever, lethargy, anorexia
● Weight loss
● Mesenteric lymph nodes palpable (enlarged)
● Ocular hemorrhage or lesions
● Icterus - if liver is affected
● Neurological signs
how to diagnose FIP
● Clinical signs
● Peritoneal/pleural analysis
● ELISA and IFA
○ These are not very reliable as they only indicate the cat has been exposed to the coronavirus, but not necessarily one that causes FIP
● Biopsy and necropsy exams
prevention and treatment of FIP
● Avoid overcrowding
● Keep litter boxes and kennels clean
● Intranasal vaccine … not reliable …
● Proper nutrition
● This disease is often secondary to FeLV
● No cure, fatal disease.
what are the 6 Risk Factors for Disease in Canines
○ Age
○ Contact with other dogs
○ Regional variations
○ Breed
○ Environmental exposure
○ Immunosuppressed
what are the canine infectious diseases
○ Canine Distemper virus
○ Canine Parvovirus
○ Canine Infectious Tracheobronchitis
○ Canine Infectious Hepatitis
○ Canine Coronavirus
○ Leptospirosis
○ Lyme Disease
○ Rabies
how is canine distemper spread
Spread by aerosols and through placenta
○ Virus particles in the air, puppies during pregnancy
what species does distemper affect
○ Fox, coyotes, wolves, ferrets, racoon, badger
what does canine distemper affect
● Affects all body systems
○ Fever, vomiting, diarrhea, coughing, seizures
○ Ocular & nasal discharge, hard pad disease
is there treatment for canine distemper
no, only supportive
what does distemper cause
● Animals that do survive often have severe neurological
problems
○ Seizures
● Damaged tooth enamel
● High morbidity rate
○ unvaccinated animals very likely to get sick
● High mortality rate
○ infected animals will likely die
how is canine parvovirus spread
● Fecal-oral transmission
○ Infection does not require direct contact with another dog
○ Particles carried home on soles of owner’s shoes can be sufficient to cause infection.
● Puppies and adolescent dogs
○ unvaccinated dogs, are highly susceptible to infection.
what dog breeds are susceptable to parvo
○ Dobermans, Rottweilers, min pins and pit bulls
how to kill canine parvo
● Requires bleach or special disinfecting agents to kill virus. Most
household cleaners are ineffective.
canine parvo symptoms
● Most cases starts with depression, fever and inappetance (anorexia).
● Rapidly progresses to vomiting, profuse diarrhea (may be bloody), severe dehydration.
○ Bacterial infection
○ Virus destroys lining of intestine
how to treat canine parvo
● Early treatment is crucial!
○ Intensive care in isolation ward
○ Supportive care
■ IV fluids – rehydrate
■ Supportive antibiotics
■ Anti-inflammatory (reduce fever)
■ Slow, gradual introduction to food/water
● Catching it early often leads to successful
treatment!
what is Canine Infectious Tracheobronchitis known as
kennel cough
what is kennel cough caused from
Caused by multiple agents (bacterial and viral) that infect upper airway
○ Canine Parainfluenza
○ Bordetella
how is kennel cough spread
Spread by aerosol exposure: HIGHLY CONTAGIOUS!
○ Boarding kennels, sniffing through fences, groomers, doggy
daycar
how is Canine Infectious Tracheobronchitis vaccine administered
● Intranasal (IN) vaccine most effective in disease prevention
● Subcutaneous (SQ) injection less effective and may require
regular booster 6-12 months
what are the symptoms of Canine Infectious Tracheobronchitis
● Mild Form
○ Dry, hacking cough followed by retching
○ Nasal/ocular discharge, mild fever
○ Resolves in 10-14 days
○ Antitussive
● Complicated Form
○ Young puppies, geriatric dogs
○ Due to secondary bacterial infections = pneumonia
what species does Canine Infectious Hepatitis affect
Affects all domestic and wild canines as well as
some bears
how is Canine Infectious Hepatitis spread
● Highly contagious!
○ spread by direct contact (saliva, nasal discharge) and fomites
(hands, food bowls, bedding, etc.)
● Infected animals shed virus and spread disease not only when
ill, but also through their urine for 6–9 months after recovery
what dogs are susceptible to Canine Infection Hepatitis
Any unvaccinated dogs is susceptible!
○ Especially dogs under 1 year of age
what are the symptoms of Canine Infection Hepatitis
○ Fever
○ Depression
○ Vomiting
○ Anorexia
○ Abdominal pain & distention
○ Ocular signs
○ Yellow mucous membranes or whites of eyes (icterus)
how is Canine Coronavirus spread
● Highly contagious
○ Fecal-oral route
● Spreads rapidly in high-density environments
○ Kennels
○ Shelters
who is most susceptible to Canine Coronavirus
Puppies most susceptible
○ causes anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea and dehydration
is Canine Coronavirus usually fatal
no- animals recover with minimal or no treatment
what species does Leptospirosis affect?
many, including humans
where is Leptospirosis found
Occurs worldwide and is especially prevalent in
warm, moist climates.
how is Leptospirosis spread
● Infection occurs through aerosolized urine, ingestion, contact
with wounds or mucous membranes, or direct contact (breeding, transplacental, bites).
● Infected animals can shed bacteria for at least 6 months
symptoms of Leptospirosis
Disease primarily attacks liver and kidneys. Clinical signs
include fever, dehydration, depression, icterus, blood in urine or
feces.
can dogs die of Leptospirosis
yes if no treatment
how is lyme disease spread
Infection is through a coiled bacteria (spirochete) that is found
in Deer Ticks, Black-legged Ticks, and Ixodes Ticks
○ Infection requires exposure to tick bite! Cannot be
transmitted between affected animals.
clinical signs of Lyme in dogs
○ Fever
○ Joint pain/stiffness
○ Can lead to arthritis
○ May be recurrent – weeks to months
vaccine for canine lyme?
yes, but variable effectiveness
what other method can be used as a preventative for Lyme in dogs?
Topical (skin) preparations that repel ticks and
prevent attachment good preventive measure
who is susceptable to rabies?
any warm blooded animal
how is rabies spread
Spread through contact with saliva or wounds of
infected animal
○ Needs to be direct contact
● Animals are infected through contact with
wildlife
○ Bats
○ Skunks
○ Racoons
○ Fox
what is the morbidity/ mortality of rabies
100%
what does rabies affect
● Affects nervous system and salivary glands.
○ Inability to swallow is what causes classic “drooling”
● Behavioral signs vary widely
○ wild animals may act “tame”
○ nocturnal animals are out during daylight,
○ stupor or extreme depression common.
○ Classic “rage” syndrome not necessarily observed
how to treat rabies in humans
○ if a person is bitten by a rabid animal and has not yet experienced
symptoms, there is an effective post-exposure treatment, which
includes an injection of rabies immune globulin and several rabies
vaccines given over a 28-day period.
○ Rabies immune globulin contains antibodies from blood donors
who were given rabies vaccine. The antibodies provide interim
protection until an exposed person’s own antibodies develop in
response to the vaccine.
is there treatment for rabies
no treatment, no cure
quarantine period for rabies
6 months for unvaccinated, 3 months for vaccinated
what bacterial family does 8 way vaccine in bovine treat
Clostridial diseases
what are the considerations for bovine vaccinations
○ Herd size - larger herd = higher risk
○ Goals of producer
○ Herd risk assessment
what does 8 way vaccine prevent
black disease
black leg
tetanus
botulism
Bacillary Hemoglobinuria- ‘Red water disease’
what are the core canine vaccines
Canine parvovirus, canine distemper virus, canine
adenovirus 2 and Rabies
what are the non-core canine vaccines?
Bordetella bronchiseptica, Parainfluenza, Borrelia burgdorferi, Leptospira interrogans
initial vaccine schedule for puppies <16 weeks
Parvo, distemper, adenovirus 3X, every 3-4 weeks from 6-16 weeks.
Rabies: once @ 3 months
initial vaccine schedule for adult dogs
Parvo, distemper, adenovirus 2X, 3-4 weeks apart
Rabies: single dose
booster schedule for dogs
once a year later, then every 3 years
core vaccines for felines
Feline parvovirus, feline herpesvirus, feline calicivirus
and rabies
initial vaccine schedule for kittens <12 weeks
Panleukopenia, Feline
herpesvirus and
feline calicivirus-
If >6weeks old,
vacc. At initial
visit and every
3-4 weeks until
> 16 weeks old
rabies once at 12 weeks
initial vaccine schedule for cat >12 week
Panleukopenia, Feline
herpesvirus and
feline calicivirus- Administer 2 doses, 3-4
weeks apart
rabies once
feline booster schedule
Panleukopenia, Feline
herpesvirus,
feline calicivirus, rabies- one time 1 year then every 3 years
when is Feline leukemia vaccine recommended?
cats that are not restricted to a closed, indoor, FeLV-negative environment. Most important for cats <16 weeks old
not recommended for cats 16 weeks old with minimal to no risk of exposure to FeLV-infected cats.
when is FIV vaccine recommended?
restricted to cats at high risk of infection
what cat vaccines are not recommended for routine use?
- Chlamydia – consider for use in cats in multiple cat
environments where C. felis infections associated with clinical disease have been documented. - Feline Infectious Peritonitis.
- Microsporum canis.
- Bordetella bronchiseptica
what are the risk ranges for horses?
- High Risk horses are defined as any horse that is showing, racing, or involved in other competitions that
have high contact with large numbers of outside horses. - Medium Risk horses occasionally compete off the property, but are not in contact with large numbers of
outside horses. - Low Risk are horses that seldom go off the property and are not in contact with large numbers of outside horses. Closed herd
timelines for equine vaccines
General requirements for all vaccines if given to a previously unvaccinated animal requires 2 doses; the initial vaccine and
a booster 3-6 weeks later. Repeat 1 dose annually thereafter, unless the horse is in the high risk category, which may require more boosters.
when to give equine influenza vaccine
Broodmares
* 1 dose before breeding and 1 dose given 4-6 weeks pre foaling.
Stallions
* 1 dose before breeding season.
Foals
* From vaccinated mare: 3 doses, 3-4 weeks apart starting at 9 months of age.
* From unvaccinated mare: 3 doses, 3-4 weeks apart, starting at 6 months of age.
Yearlings
* 1 dose for low to medium risk group.
* 1 dose every 3-4 months for high risk group.
Pleasure
* 1 dose annually for low to medium risk group.
Performance
* 1 dose every 3-4 months for medium to high risk group.
* 1 dose annually for low risk group.
when to give Viral Encephalomyelitis – Sleeping Sickness vaccine horses
Broodmares
* 1 dose 4-6 weeks pre-foaling.
Stallions
* 1 dose annually before breeding season.
Foals
* From vaccinated mare: 3 doses, 3-4 weeks apart starting
at 6 months of age.
* From unvaccinated mare: 3 doses, 3-4 weeks apart,
starting at 3 months of age.
Yearlings
* 1 dose annually (spring).
Pleasure
* 1 dose annually (spring).
Performance
* 1 dose annually (spring)
what are the 2 types of Encephalomyelitis
WEE - western EEE- eastern
what is the name of the 3 way vaccine for cats
FVRCP
what does FVRCP stand for
feline viral rhinotracheitis, calicivirus, panleukopenia (distemper)
what is the 3 way vaccine for dogs
DAPP- Distemper- Adenovirus (Hepatitis)- P (Parainfluenza) - Pv (Parvo virus)-
what vaccine is usually added to DAPP for puppies
Cv (corona virus for puppies)
3 way vaccine for horse
Eastern Equine
Encephalomyelitis (EEE), Western Equine
Encephalomyelitis (WEE), and Tetanus
4 way vaccine for horse
EEE, WEE, Tetanus, and Equine Influenza
5-way vaccine for horse
EEE, WEE, Tetanus, Equine Influenza, and Equine
Herpes – Rhinopneumonitis
6 way vaccine for horse
5 way + west nile
what is an equine 3 way plus west nile vaccine?
EEE, WEE, tetanus, west nile
what is a 2 way equine vaccine
Flu/Rhino: A ‘2-way’ vaccine that covers Equine
Influenza and Equine Herpes (Rhinopneumonitis)
monovalent vaccines for horses
- Strangles Intranasal vaccine
- West Nile
- Tetanus Toxoid
- Rabies
what is in a bovine vaccine protocol
herd size, goals of producer, herd risk assessment
what is a bovine 8 way vaccine for
Clostridial diseases
including; Cl. chauvoei, Cl. septicum, Cl. haemolyticum, Cl.
novyi, Cl. sordellii, Cl. tetani, Cl. perfringens types C & D.
These clostridial diseases can cause a variety of issues from tissue necrosis and stiffness, as we see with black leg,
malignant oedema, and tetanus, to muscle weakness and nervous
system involvement as seen with Botulism.
what is a bovine 5 way vaccine for
The 5-way vaccine assists in the reduction of respiratory
diseases caused by Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR), Bovine Viral
Diarrhea (BVD) types 1 & 2, Parainfluenza 3 (PI3), and Bovine
Respiratory Syncytial Virus (BRSV).
when would you use a killed 5 way vaccine
Pregnant cattle can only receive the MLV if they have previously been
vaccinated with a MLV pre-breeding, otherwise they must receive the killed vaccine to avoid fetal risks.
why give 5 way in cattle
Respiratory disease in
cattle has a huge economic effect on production. Due to cattle
often being in crowded conditions and environmental stressors
like weaning and shipping, cattle are at high risk for respiratory diseases.
what is scours
neonatal diarrhea. The primary infectious causes of scours include Esherichia coli, bovine rotavirus, and bovine
coronavirus. Scours is one of the leading causes of neonatal calf mortality, which can result in major economic losses to the
producer
what does foot rot vaccine do
assist in the reduction of clinical signs caused by Fusiformis necrophorus that causes tissue
necrosis between the claws of the hoof. The infectious condition
causes swelling and inflammation in the cattle’s feet, that results
in severe lameness. If the breeding bulls contracts this infection, they are reluctant to breed
