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AHT 1170 > vaccines > Flashcards

vaccines Flashcards

1
Q

risk factors for cats

A
  • Access to the outdoors
  • Multi-cat households
  • Indirect or direct exposure
  • Age/Health of household members
  • Immunosuppressive diseases
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2
Q

what diseases are covered in the feline 3 way vaccine?

A

Distemper (panleukopenia), Rhinotracheitis, Calici

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3
Q

what diseases are covered in the feline 4 way vaccine?

A

Distemper (panleukopenia), Rhinotracheitis, Calici + Chlamydia

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4
Q

what diseases are covered in the feline 5 way vaccine

A

Distemper (panleukopenia), Rhinotracheitis, Calici + Chlamydia + FeLV

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5
Q

what diseases are not included in the 5 way feline vaccine?

A

rabies, FIV, FIP

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6
Q

what is another name for Feline Panleukopenia

A

Distemper

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7
Q

what virus is associated with Feline Panleukopenia

A

parvovirus

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8
Q

what kills Feline Panleukopenia

A

Bleach, special disinfectants required to kill (virucidals)

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9
Q

what cats are most susceptible to Feline Panleukopenia

A

Kittens 3-5 months of age and unvaccinated cats

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10
Q

how is Feline Panleukopenia spread?

A

Direct:
○ Shed in all body secretions - urine, feces, ocular, nasal
○ Shed up to 6 weeks in urine and feces
Indirect:
○ Fomites (clothing, cages, dishes, etc)
○ Vectors (flies most likely)
○ Transplacental infection
Kittens infected through queen during pregnancy - causes permanent neurological problems or blindness

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11
Q

what are the clinical signs of feline panleukopenia

A

○ Develop in young unvaccinated cats
○ Fever 40-41.6℃
○ Depression, anorexia, vomiting +/- diarrhea
○ Ataxia
○ Can progress to coma, hypothermia and death

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12
Q

treatment for feline panleukopenia

A

○ Supportive
○ Fluids
○ Antiemetics
○ Antibiotics for secondary bacterial infection
○ Soft, smelly food

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13
Q

what are the 3 components of feline upper respiratory disease

A

● Feline herpesvirus (rhinotracheitis)
● Feline calicivirus
● Chlamydia

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14
Q

what percentage of feline upper respiratory disease cases are caused by herpesvirus & calicivirus

A

90

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15
Q

what is Feline Viral Rhinotracheitis called

A

Feline Herpesvirus

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16
Q

what are the symptoms of Feline Herpesvirus

A

● Attacks mucosa of upper airways and conjunctiva
● Causes necrosis of nasal turbinates
● Asymptomatic carriers: spread infection with no signs of disease
○ Often show c/s when stressed
● Easy to kill - inactivated in 24 hours
● Kittens most susceptible; can be infected by queen

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17
Q

what are the clinical signs of feline Viral Rhinotracheitis

A

○ Sneezing
○ Ocular discharge
○ Fever
○ Anorexia
○ Depression

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18
Q

what are the symptoms of Feline Calicivirus

A

Causes ulceration of tongue and palate
● Minimal effects on conjunctiva and upper airway
● Can cause viral pneumonia
● Carriers exist
● Painful and affected cats will not eat

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19
Q

what are the clinical signs of Feline Calicivirus

A

○ Moderate - mild nasal and ocular discharge
○ Oral Ulcers
○ Pneumonia
○ Joint Pain
○ Carriers will shed virus for years!

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20
Q

what are the symptoms of chlamydia

A

● Fragile bacteria
● Conjunctivitis
● Mild rhinitis
● Mucopurulent discharge
● ZOONOTIC: Bacteria may cause conjunctivitis in humans

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21
Q

how is feline upper respiratory disease complex spread

A

aerosols, direct contact, fomites

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22
Q

is there a cure for feline upper respiratory disease complex

A

no, only supportive care

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23
Q

how is FeLV spread

A

● Shed in all secretions
○ Urine, feces, nasal/ ocular discharge
● Spread transplacentally
● Spread through mutual grooming, sharing food bowls and litter boxes.
● Usually prolonged or repeated contact necessary

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24
Q

what are the 3 scenarios for FeLV infection

A

● Adequate immune system (Abortive Infections)
○ Virus is cleared
○ No c/s develop
○ Immunity develops
● Chronic infection (Progressive Infections)
○ Cat remains viremic (virus in blood)
○ Sheds virus
○ Often will develop c/s
● Latent Carrier State (Regressive Infections)
○ Virus remains in bone marrow
○ Reactivated with stress

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25
Q

clinical signs of FeLV

A

● Can affect cat’s body in many ways …
● No signs at all
● Progressive weight loss
● Poor coat condition
● Enlarged lymph nodes
● Fever
● Recurrent infections (skin, ear, respiratory)
● Often a cause of cancer and various blood disorders

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26
Q

how to diagnose FeLV

A

● ELISA test
○ blood test that can be done ‘in-house’
● IFA test
○ blood test sent to diagnostic lab
○ Usually sent out after + ELISA to confirm

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27
Q

treatment, prevention of FeLV

A

● NO CURE!
○ Most infected cats eventually die of FeLV related diseases, but can
have a quality of life
● Managing FeLV + cats involves treating specific problems
○ Secondary bacterial infections - anitbiotics
○ Severe anemia - blood transfussion
○ Proper veterinary recommended diet (NO RAW!)
● Prevent exposure to FeLV + cats
● Vaccinate

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28
Q

what is Feline Immunodeficiency Virus similar to in Humans

A

AIDS

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29
Q

what does FIV cause?

A

Causes suppression of the immune system (similar to HIV in
humans)

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30
Q

How is FIV spread

A

● Spread through saliva from bite wounds
○ Outdoor cats at highest risk

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31
Q

How long can cats live with FIV?

A

Cats can live 5-7 years with treatment

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32
Q

clinical signs of FIV

A

● Acute
○ Enlarged lymph nodes
○ Fever
○ Leukopenia
○ Turns into asymptomatic stage (can last for years)
● Chronic
○ Persistent diarrhea
○ Upper respiratory infections
○ Ocular and oral lesions
○ Gingivitis
○ Neurological signs - behavioral, twitches, seizures

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33
Q

how to diagnose FIV

A

● Clinical signs
● ELISA
○ Snap test with blood sample (in-house)
● IFA
○ Blood sent to diagnostic lab
● All tests dependent on cat mounting immune response as they detect antibodies in the blood …
○ If cat has not mounted response - false negative
○ If cat has been vaccinated - false positive

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34
Q

prevention/ treatment of FIV

A

● No cure!
● Prevent exposure to virus - cat bites
● Vaccine available (non-core)
● Treatment is supportive
● Cats can live normal lives if managed appropriately
○ Regular veterinary exams
○ Proper nutrition
○ Reduce exposure to infectious agents

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35
Q

What is FIP

A

Feline Infectious Peritonitis

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36
Q

how is FIP spread

A

●Most commonly infects kittens and cats < 1 year old.
○ Often those in crowded, shelter-like conditions
●Most commonly spread through fecal-oral route
○ Virus is shed in feces and oronasal secretions
● Contaminated fomites may play a role in transmission
○ inhalation

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37
Q

what are the clinical signs of FIP

A

Effective Immune System:
○ Recovers in primary phase of infection
○ No clinical signs
Ineffective Immune System:
○ Wet form
○ Dry form
○ Both are fatal

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38
Q

what are the symptoms of wet FIP

A

● Fluid accumulates in body cavities - enlarged/ distended abdomen
● Fever
● Dyspnea due to fluid on chest
● Weight loss
● Lethargic
● Anorexic

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39
Q

what are the symptoms of dry FIP

A

● Fever, lethargy, anorexia
● Weight loss
● Mesenteric lymph nodes palpable (enlarged)
● Ocular hemorrhage or lesions
● Icterus - if liver is affected
● Neurological signs

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40
Q

how to diagnose FIP

A

● Clinical signs
● Peritoneal/pleural analysis
● ELISA and IFA
○ These are not very reliable as they only indicate the cat has been exposed to the coronavirus, but not necessarily one that causes FIP
● Biopsy and necropsy exams

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41
Q

prevention and treatment of FIP

A

● Avoid overcrowding
● Keep litter boxes and kennels clean
● Intranasal vaccine … not reliable …
● Proper nutrition
● This disease is often secondary to FeLV
● No cure, fatal disease.

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42
Q

what are the 6 Risk Factors for Disease in Canines

A

○ Age
○ Contact with other dogs
○ Regional variations
○ Breed
○ Environmental exposure
○ Immunosuppressed

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43
Q

what are the canine infectious diseases

A

○ Canine Distemper virus
○ Canine Parvovirus
○ Canine Infectious Tracheobronchitis
○ Canine Infectious Hepatitis
○ Canine Coronavirus
○ Leptospirosis
○ Lyme Disease
○ Rabies

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44
Q

how is canine distemper spread

A

Spread by aerosols and through placenta
○ Virus particles in the air, puppies during pregnancy

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45
Q

what species does distemper affect

A

○ Fox, coyotes, wolves, ferrets, racoon, badger

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46
Q

what does canine distemper affect

A

● Affects all body systems
○ Fever, vomiting, diarrhea, coughing, seizures
○ Ocular & nasal discharge, hard pad disease

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47
Q

is there treatment for canine distemper

A

no, only supportive

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48
Q

what does distemper cause

A

● Animals that do survive often have severe neurological
problems
○ Seizures
● Damaged tooth enamel
● High morbidity rate
○ unvaccinated animals very likely to get sick
● High mortality rate
○ infected animals will likely die

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49
Q

how is canine parvovirus spread

A

● Fecal-oral transmission
○ Infection does not require direct contact with another dog
○ Particles carried home on soles of owner’s shoes can be sufficient to cause infection.
● Puppies and adolescent dogs
○ unvaccinated dogs, are highly susceptible to infection.

50
Q

what dog breeds are susceptable to parvo

A

○ Dobermans, Rottweilers, min pins and pit bulls

51
Q

how to kill canine parvo

A

● Requires bleach or special disinfecting agents to kill virus. Most
household cleaners are ineffective.

52
Q

canine parvo symptoms

A

● Most cases starts with depression, fever and inappetance (anorexia).
● Rapidly progresses to vomiting, profuse diarrhea (may be bloody), severe dehydration.
○ Bacterial infection
○ Virus destroys lining of intestine

53
Q

how to treat canine parvo

A

● Early treatment is crucial!
○ Intensive care in isolation ward
○ Supportive care
■ IV fluids – rehydrate
■ Supportive antibiotics
■ Anti-inflammatory (reduce fever)
■ Slow, gradual introduction to food/water
● Catching it early often leads to successful
treatment!

54
Q

what is Canine Infectious Tracheobronchitis known as

A

kennel cough

55
Q

what is kennel cough caused from

A

Caused by multiple agents (bacterial and viral) that infect upper airway
○ Canine Parainfluenza
○ Bordetella

56
Q

how is kennel cough spread

A

Spread by aerosol exposure: HIGHLY CONTAGIOUS!
○ Boarding kennels, sniffing through fences, groomers, doggy
daycar

57
Q

how is Canine Infectious Tracheobronchitis vaccine administered

A

● Intranasal (IN) vaccine most effective in disease prevention
● Subcutaneous (SQ) injection less effective and may require
regular booster 6-12 months

58
Q

what are the symptoms of Canine Infectious Tracheobronchitis

A

● Mild Form
○ Dry, hacking cough followed by retching
○ Nasal/ocular discharge, mild fever
○ Resolves in 10-14 days
○ Antitussive
● Complicated Form
○ Young puppies, geriatric dogs
○ Due to secondary bacterial infections = pneumonia

59
Q

what species does Canine Infectious Hepatitis affect

A

Affects all domestic and wild canines as well as
some bears

60
Q

how is Canine Infectious Hepatitis spread

A

● Highly contagious!
○ spread by direct contact (saliva, nasal discharge) and fomites
(hands, food bowls, bedding, etc.)
● Infected animals shed virus and spread disease not only when
ill, but also through their urine for 6–9 months after recovery

61
Q

what dogs are susceptible to Canine Infection Hepatitis

A

Any unvaccinated dogs is susceptible!
○ Especially dogs under 1 year of age

62
Q

what are the symptoms of Canine Infection Hepatitis

A

○ Fever
○ Depression
○ Vomiting
○ Anorexia
○ Abdominal pain & distention
○ Ocular signs
○ Yellow mucous membranes or whites of eyes (icterus)

63
Q

how is Canine Coronavirus spread

A

● Highly contagious
○ Fecal-oral route
● Spreads rapidly in high-density environments
○ Kennels
○ Shelters

64
Q

who is most susceptible to Canine Coronavirus

A

Puppies most susceptible
○ causes anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea and dehydration

65
Q

is Canine Coronavirus usually fatal

A

no- animals recover with minimal or no treatment

66
Q

what species does Leptospirosis affect?

A

many, including humans

67
Q

where is Leptospirosis found

A

Occurs worldwide and is especially prevalent in
warm, moist climates.

68
Q

how is Leptospirosis spread

A

● Infection occurs through aerosolized urine, ingestion, contact
with wounds or mucous membranes, or direct contact (breeding, transplacental, bites).
● Infected animals can shed bacteria for at least 6 months

69
Q

symptoms of Leptospirosis

A

Disease primarily attacks liver and kidneys. Clinical signs
include fever, dehydration, depression, icterus, blood in urine or
feces.

70
Q

can dogs die of Leptospirosis

A

yes if no treatment

71
Q

how is lyme disease spread

A

Infection is through a coiled bacteria (spirochete) that is found
in Deer Ticks, Black-legged Ticks, and Ixodes Ticks
○ Infection requires exposure to tick bite! Cannot be
transmitted between affected animals.

72
Q

clinical signs of Lyme in dogs

A

○ Fever
○ Joint pain/stiffness
○ Can lead to arthritis
○ May be recurrent – weeks to months

73
Q

vaccine for canine lyme?

A

yes, but variable effectiveness

74
Q

what other method can be used as a preventative for Lyme in dogs?

A

Topical (skin) preparations that repel ticks and
prevent attachment good preventive measure

75
Q

who is susceptable to rabies?

A

any warm blooded animal

76
Q

how is rabies spread

A

Spread through contact with saliva or wounds of
infected animal
○ Needs to be direct contact
● Animals are infected through contact with
wildlife
○ Bats
○ Skunks
○ Racoons
○ Fox

77
Q

what is the morbidity/ mortality of rabies

A

100%

78
Q

what does rabies affect

A

● Affects nervous system and salivary glands.
○ Inability to swallow is what causes classic “drooling”
● Behavioral signs vary widely
○ wild animals may act “tame”
○ nocturnal animals are out during daylight,
○ stupor or extreme depression common.
○ Classic “rage” syndrome not necessarily observed

79
Q

how to treat rabies in humans

A

○ if a person is bitten by a rabid animal and has not yet experienced
symptoms, there is an effective post-exposure treatment, which
includes an injection of rabies immune globulin and several rabies
vaccines given over a 28-day period.
○ Rabies immune globulin contains antibodies from blood donors
who were given rabies vaccine. The antibodies provide interim
protection until an exposed person’s own antibodies develop in
response to the vaccine.

80
Q

is there treatment for rabies

A

no treatment, no cure

81
Q

quarantine period for rabies

A

6 months for unvaccinated, 3 months for vaccinated

82
Q

what bacterial family does 8 way vaccine in bovine treat

A

Clostridial diseases

83
Q

what are the considerations for bovine vaccinations

A

○ Herd size - larger herd = higher risk
○ Goals of producer
○ Herd risk assessment

84
Q

what does 8 way vaccine prevent

A

black disease
black leg
tetanus
botulism
Bacillary Hemoglobinuria- ‘Red water disease’

85
Q

what are the core canine vaccines

A

Canine parvovirus, canine distemper virus, canine
adenovirus 2 and Rabies

86
Q

what are the non-core canine vaccines?

A

Bordetella bronchiseptica, Parainfluenza, Borrelia burgdorferi, Leptospira interrogans

87
Q

initial vaccine schedule for puppies <16 weeks

A

Parvo, distemper, adenovirus 3X, every 3-4 weeks from 6-16 weeks.
Rabies: once @ 3 months

88
Q

initial vaccine schedule for adult dogs

A

Parvo, distemper, adenovirus 2X, 3-4 weeks apart
Rabies: single dose

89
Q

booster schedule for dogs

A

once a year later, then every 3 years

90
Q

core vaccines for felines

A

Feline parvovirus, feline herpesvirus, feline calicivirus
and rabies

91
Q

initial vaccine schedule for kittens <12 weeks

A

Panleukopenia, Feline
herpesvirus and
feline calicivirus-
If >6weeks old,
vacc. At initial
visit and every
3-4 weeks until
> 16 weeks old
rabies once at 12 weeks

92
Q

initial vaccine schedule for cat >12 week

A

Panleukopenia, Feline
herpesvirus and
feline calicivirus- Administer 2 doses, 3-4
weeks apart
rabies once

93
Q

feline booster schedule

A

Panleukopenia, Feline
herpesvirus,
feline calicivirus, rabies- one time 1 year then every 3 years

94
Q

when is Feline leukemia vaccine recommended?

A

cats that are not restricted to a closed, indoor, FeLV-negative environment. Most important for cats <16 weeks old
not recommended for cats 16 weeks old with minimal to no risk of exposure to FeLV-infected cats.

95
Q

when is FIV vaccine recommended?

A

restricted to cats at high risk of infection

96
Q

what cat vaccines are not recommended for routine use?

A
  • Chlamydia – consider for use in cats in multiple cat
    environments where C. felis infections associated with clinical disease have been documented.
  • Feline Infectious Peritonitis.
  • Microsporum canis.
  • Bordetella bronchiseptica
97
Q

what are the risk ranges for horses?

A
  • High Risk horses are defined as any horse that is showing, racing, or involved in other competitions that
    have high contact with large numbers of outside horses.
  • Medium Risk horses occasionally compete off the property, but are not in contact with large numbers of
    outside horses.
  • Low Risk are horses that seldom go off the property and are not in contact with large numbers of outside horses. Closed herd
98
Q

timelines for equine vaccines

A

General requirements for all vaccines if given to a previously unvaccinated animal requires 2 doses; the initial vaccine and
a booster 3-6 weeks later. Repeat 1 dose annually thereafter, unless the horse is in the high risk category, which may require more boosters.

99
Q

when to give equine influenza vaccine

A

Broodmares
* 1 dose before breeding and 1 dose given 4-6 weeks pre foaling.
Stallions
* 1 dose before breeding season.
Foals
* From vaccinated mare: 3 doses, 3-4 weeks apart starting at 9 months of age.
* From unvaccinated mare: 3 doses, 3-4 weeks apart, starting at 6 months of age.
Yearlings
* 1 dose for low to medium risk group.
* 1 dose every 3-4 months for high risk group.
Pleasure
* 1 dose annually for low to medium risk group.
Performance
* 1 dose every 3-4 months for medium to high risk group.
* 1 dose annually for low risk group.

100
Q

when to give Viral Encephalomyelitis – Sleeping Sickness vaccine horses

A

Broodmares
* 1 dose 4-6 weeks pre-foaling.
Stallions
* 1 dose annually before breeding season.
Foals
* From vaccinated mare: 3 doses, 3-4 weeks apart starting
at 6 months of age.
* From unvaccinated mare: 3 doses, 3-4 weeks apart,
starting at 3 months of age.
Yearlings
* 1 dose annually (spring).
Pleasure
* 1 dose annually (spring).
Performance
* 1 dose annually (spring)

101
Q

what are the 2 types of Encephalomyelitis

A

WEE - western EEE- eastern

102
Q

what is the name of the 3 way vaccine for cats

A

FVRCP

103
Q

what does FVRCP stand for

A

feline viral rhinotracheitis, calicivirus, panleukopenia (distemper)

104
Q

what is the 3 way vaccine for dogs

A

DAPP- Distemper- Adenovirus (Hepatitis)- P (Parainfluenza) - Pv (Parvo virus)-

105
Q

what vaccine is usually added to DAPP for puppies

A

Cv (corona virus for puppies)

106
Q

3 way vaccine for horse

A

Eastern Equine
Encephalomyelitis (EEE), Western Equine
Encephalomyelitis (WEE), and Tetanus

107
Q

4 way vaccine for horse

A

EEE, WEE, Tetanus, and Equine Influenza

108
Q

5-way vaccine for horse

A

EEE, WEE, Tetanus, Equine Influenza, and Equine
Herpes – Rhinopneumonitis

109
Q

6 way vaccine for horse

A

5 way + west nile

110
Q

what is an equine 3 way plus west nile vaccine?

A

EEE, WEE, tetanus, west nile

111
Q

what is a 2 way equine vaccine

A

Flu/Rhino: A ‘2-way’ vaccine that covers Equine
Influenza and Equine Herpes (Rhinopneumonitis)

112
Q

monovalent vaccines for horses

A
  • Strangles Intranasal vaccine
  • West Nile
  • Tetanus Toxoid
  • Rabies
113
Q

what is in a bovine vaccine protocol

A

herd size, goals of producer, herd risk assessment

114
Q

what is a bovine 8 way vaccine for

A

Clostridial diseases
including; Cl. chauvoei, Cl. septicum, Cl. haemolyticum, Cl.
novyi, Cl. sordellii, Cl. tetani, Cl. perfringens types C & D.
These clostridial diseases can cause a variety of issues from tissue necrosis and stiffness, as we see with black leg,
malignant oedema, and tetanus, to muscle weakness and nervous
system involvement as seen with Botulism.

115
Q

what is a bovine 5 way vaccine for

A

The 5-way vaccine assists in the reduction of respiratory
diseases caused by Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR), Bovine Viral
Diarrhea (BVD) types 1 & 2, Parainfluenza 3 (PI3), and Bovine
Respiratory Syncytial Virus (BRSV).

116
Q

when would you use a killed 5 way vaccine

A

Pregnant cattle can only receive the MLV if they have previously been
vaccinated with a MLV pre-breeding, otherwise they must receive the killed vaccine to avoid fetal risks.

117
Q

why give 5 way in cattle

A

Respiratory disease in
cattle has a huge economic effect on production. Due to cattle
often being in crowded conditions and environmental stressors
like weaning and shipping, cattle are at high risk for respiratory diseases.

118
Q

what is scours

A

neonatal diarrhea. The primary infectious causes of scours include Esherichia coli, bovine rotavirus, and bovine
coronavirus. Scours is one of the leading causes of neonatal calf mortality, which can result in major economic losses to the
producer

119
Q

what does foot rot vaccine do

A

assist in the reduction of clinical signs caused by Fusiformis necrophorus that causes tissue
necrosis between the claws of the hoof. The infectious condition
causes swelling and inflammation in the cattle’s feet, that results
in severe lameness. If the breeding bulls contracts this infection, they are reluctant to breed

120
Q
A

AHT 1170 (5 decks)

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