Anti-inflammatories and Antihistamines

Question 1

what is Inflammation

Answer 1

response to injury

Question 2

what do Damaged cells release as inflammatory mediators

Answer 2

• Prostaglandins
• Leukotrienes (mast cells + basophils)
• Histamine
• Cytokines

Question 3

what do Inflammatory mediators signal body to do

Answer 3

◦Destroy and remove deleterious agents
◦Sequester injury to a localized area
◦Repair damaged area

Question 4

Cardinal signs of Inflammation

Answer 4

1. Heat
2. Redness
3. Swelling
4. Pain

Question 5

why fever is a response to inflammation

Answer 5

increases the rate of biochemical reactions

Question 6

why redness is a response to inflammation

Answer 6

• Blood flow dilutes offending agent with plasma
• Blood flow brings fibrin to immobilize offending
  agent
• Blood flow brings phagocytic cells to clean up antigens and damaged cells

Question 7

why swelling is a response to inflammation

Answer 7

• Inflammatory mediators increase permeability of
  blood vessels at site of damage area
• Allows leukocytes and antibodies to reach damaged cells

Question 8

why pain is a response to inflammation

Answer 8

◦ Protective mechanism
◦ Inflammatory mediators stimulate sensitization of
nerve endings
◦ Edema can also put pressure on nerve endings

Question 9

what are the 3 types of steroids made in the adrenal cortex

Answer 9

Glucocorticoids, Mineralocorticoids, Adrenal sex hormones

Question 10

characteristics of glucocorticoids

Answer 10

CHO, protein and lipid metabolism and anti-inflammatory effects

Question 11

characteristics of mineralcorticoids

Answer 11

Water and electrolyte balance

Question 12

short acting glucocorticoids

Answer 12

Hydrocortisone
Cortisol

Question 13

medium acting glucocorticoids

Answer 13

Prednisone
Prednisolone
Methylprednisolone
Isoflupredone
triamcinolone

Question 14

long acting glucocorticoids

Answer 14

Flumethasone
Betamethasone
dexamethasone

Question 15

where do Glucocorticoids block inflammatory response

Answer 15

early in
the sequence, blocks formation of prostaglandins,
thromboxanes and leukotrienes

Question 16

where do NSAIDS block inflammatory response

Answer 16

block
only the formation of prostaglandins and
thromboxanes

Question 17

what metabolic actions do glucocorticoids do

Answer 17

Stimulates gluconeogenesis (contraindicated in
diabetics)
● Increases glucose utilization by the cells
● Protein catabolism – AA from muscle to liver
● Lipid catabolism

Question 18

what anti- inflammatory effects do glucocorticoids have

Answer 18

Promotes vasoconstriction, thereby decreasing blood
flow to site and thus decreasing redness and heat
● Decreases capillary permeability, results in decrease loss
of plasma into inflamed region
● Stabilizes cell membranes, so they do not release
inflammatory mediators
● Decreases histamine and interleukin synthesis
● Glucocorticoids blocks arachidonic acid production which
results in blocking the formation of prostaglandins,
thromboxanes and leukotrienes