antimicrobial resistance

Question 1

Therapeutic use

Answer 1

treat sick animal

Question 2

Prophylactic use

Answer 2

prevent infection that we don’t know is
present

Question 3

Metaphylactic use

Answer 3

prevent infection that we KNOW is
present

Question 4

Antimicrobial Resistance

Answer 4

• Resistance is the ability of a bacterial strain
  to survive or grow during antimicrobial treatment
• Resistance is defined by the presence of a
  genetic change (mutation or gene)
• Resistance is the ability to survive or grow in higher
  antimicrobial concentrations than other bacterial strains

Question 5

phamacocodynamics

Answer 5

● Mechanisms for killing/inhibiting growth
● Time and concentration dependent
● MIC
● MBC

Question 6

Pharmacokinetics

Answer 6

● Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion
● Bioavailability
● Cmax - maximum concentration in plasma
● Tmax - time at Cmax
● t1/2 - half life

Question 7

How does the bacteria become resistance?

Answer 7

Acquired or spontaneous
○ Mutations
○ Horizontal gene transfer

Question 8

3 Basic types of Acquired Resistance

Answer 8

● Decreased intracellular accumulation of the drug
● Enzymatic inactivation of target
● Modification of target
○ Mutation
○ Chemical

Question 9

Intrinsic (natural) Resistance:

Answer 9

● Due to structural or functional trait allowing tolerance of all
members of a group (species, genus, etc)
● Create enzymes that inactivate the drug
● Don’t have a component that the antimicrobial is to work
against (ie. cell wall)
● We just know about these

Question 10

Basis for resistance:

Answer 10

● Genetic
○ Chromosomal due to spontaneous mutation
○ Plasmid-mediated (acquires genetic element)
● Non-Genetic
○ Inaccessibility to drugs (abscess, TB-infection)
○ Stationary phase
○ No cell wall