Vaccines

Question 1

Define vaccination

Answer 1

Induction of protective immunity to antigens in a vaccine.

Question 2

MRR vaccine is against?

Answer 2

Mumps, measles and rubella.

Question 3

What arm of the immune system recognises antigens?

Answer 3

Adaptive, produces antibodies and T lymphocytes.

Question 4

How many antigens does a vaccine contain?

Answer 4

One or more that are present in/on pathogen.

Question 5

How do antibodies mediate humoral immunity?

Answer 5

Neutralisation, opsonisation, complement activation.

Question 6

Vaccines for viruses should ideally promoted which T-cell lymphocyte mediated immune response?

Answer 6

CTL

Question 7

What are the three types of vaccine?

Answer 7

Live attenuated vaccines. Inactivated virus. Subunit vaccines.

Question 8

What is a live attenuated vaccine?

Answer 8

Reduced virulence of the pathogen whilst retaining antigens.

Question 9

What are examples of live attenuated vaccines?

Answer 9

MMR, rabies, BCG and Sabin polio vaccines.

Question 10

When cannot live attenuated vaccines be used?

Answer 10

Immunocompromised

Question 11

What are inactived virus vaccines?

Answer 11

Production of infectious agent which is inactivated before use, they cannot replicate.

Question 12

Issues with inactivated virus vaccines are?

Answer 12

Do not persist long as they can’t replicate.

Question 13

Advantages of inactived virus vaccines?

Answer 13

Can vaccinate the immunocomprimised.

Question 14

Examples of inactived virus vaccines?

Answer 14

Flu, typhoid, hepatitis A, Salk polio vaccines.

Question 15

What is a subunit vaccine?

Answer 15

Contains parts of pathogen like molecules associated with pathogen or toxoid released by it.

Question 16

Debate the use of subunit vaccine.

Answer 16

Not as immunogenic than whole pathogen.
Safer.

Question 17

Examples of subunit vaccines?

Answer 17

HPV and tetanus toxoid vaccines

Question 18

How do Abs confer protection against covid?

Answer 18

Neutralisation and preventing infection

Question 19

What type of vaccine is the Pfizer vax?

Answer 19

mRNA encoding S-protein in lipid nanoparticles

Question 20

What type of vaccine is the Astra-Zeneca vax?

Answer 20

Chimeric. Modified chimpanzee adenovirus wiht sequence for S protein.

Question 21

What is the Sabin Oral polio vaccine?

Answer 21

Live attenuated vaccine

Question 22

How many strains does the sabin oral polio vaccine contain?

Answer 22

3

Question 23

How is the Sabin Oral vaccine generated?

Answer 23

PAssing virus in monkey epithelial cells, resulting in mutations of polio genome

Question 24

How is the Sabin Oral polio vaccine adminstrated?

Answer 24

Orally

Question 25

What type of antibody does the Sabin Oral polio vaccine stimulate?

Answer 25

IgA (mucosal immunity)

Question 26

Whats an issue with the sabin oral polio vaccine?

Answer 26

Can revert to virulent form, can’t be given to immunodeficient people

Question 27

How many strains of poliovirus in the Salk inactivated polio vaccine?

Answer 27

3

Question 28

How is the Salk vaccine produced?

Answer 28

Vaccine is grown in cell culture, inactivated w/ formaldehyde

Question 29

How is the Salk vaccine adminstered?

Answer 29

Intramuscular injection

Question 30

Which vaccine against polio produces more mucosal immunity?

Answer 30

Sabin

Question 31

Can the Salk vax revert to virulent strain?

Answer 31

No