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Immunology > Inate Immunity > Flashcards

Inate Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the immune system?

A

Distinguishes between harmful non-self (pathogens), harmful altered-self (tumours) and self (host). With elimination of non-self occuring with minimal host damage

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2
Q

Features of inate system

A

Ancient
Hard-wired germlines
Evolved to know differences between harmful and harmless
Immediate/rapid, potentially limited.
No memory.
Complement recognises everything

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3
Q

Features of adaptive system (B and T cells)

A

Only vertebrates
Genereate huge supply of new somatic receptors, undergoing selection and evolution in real time.
Produce pathogen binding receptors.
Limitless receptors.
Memory response.
Slow and can cause autoimmunity.

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4
Q

Structural components of inate immune system

A

Epithelia, mucosal barrier, pH and fatty acids

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5
Q

Soluble components of the inate immune system

A

Complement and MBL

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6
Q

Cellular components of inate immune system

A

Phagocytes, NK cells, mast cells and eosinophils

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7
Q

Haemotopioesis

A

Generation of leukocytes (WBC) and erythrocytes (RBC)

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8
Q

Function of haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs)

A

Sustain blood cells thorough life, capable of self-renewal and are multipotenent so they generate multiple lineages. These are all WBCs.

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9
Q

What are the two types of myeloid cells?

A

Phaogcytes (recognise mcirobes through specific receptors) and secretory cells.

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10
Q

Phagocyte: Neutrophil

A

Short-lived, usually found in blood
Migrates during inflammation
Highly phagocytotic granule
Produces various antimicrobial factors

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11
Q

Phagocyte: Dendritic cell

A

Found throughout body, sentinels of immune system
Phagocytotic
Crucial link between innate and adaptive immune response via secretion of soluble factors that affect cell function (cytokines) and antigen presentation to T cells.

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11
Q

Sectrory myeloid cell: Eosinophil

A

Found in blood, gut, lungs, urogenital tract.
Important in helminth infection.
Involved in allergy and asthma
Contains toxic granules and inflammatory mediators.

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12
Q

Secretory myeloid cell: Mast cell

A

Found in tissues.
Involved in allergy and histamine release, increasing vessel permeability.

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13
Q

Example of lymphoid targeted secretroy cell

A

Natural killer cells. NKs

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14
Q

NK cells

A

Are found in blood and tissues. Cells are crucial for recognising in tumour cells and virally infected cells, target and kills these cells.

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15
Q

Structural barriers of steady state immediate response

A

Skin and mucosal pH

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16
Q

Soluble molecules of steady state immediate response

A

Defensins, lysozymes and complement

17
Q

Cells of the steadt state immediate response

A

Tissue phagocytes (macrophages and DCs)
NK cells and mast cells

18
Q

PAMP

A

Pathogen associates molecular pattern

19
Q

MAMP

A

Microbe associated molecular pattern

20
Q

How does the host recognise pathogens?

A

Host distinguishes self from non-self by recognising PAMPs and MAMPs

21
Q

Bacterial PAMPs

A

Cell wall components like LPS and LTA

22
Q

Bacterial MAMPs

A

Bacterial DNA (CpG) and certain bacterial proteins

23
Q

Viral PAMPs

A

ssRNA dsRNA and sugars

24
Q

Viral MAMPs

A

ssRNA dsRNA and sugars

25
Q

Yeast PAMPs

A

Sugars like beta-glucans

26
Q

Helminths PAMPs

A

Sugars (chitin)

27
Q

Recognition of PAMP/MAMPs

A

PAMPs are recognised by pattern recongition receptors (PRRs).

28
Q

PRRs

A

Pattern recongition receptors. Are found in all multicellular organisms, germline genes are encoded and evolved to recognise various PAMPs.

Found mainly on phaogcytes, survery all physiological environments. Soluble, plasma membranes and cytoplasm or in vacoules.

29
Q

Major classes of surface PRRs.

A

Toll receptors and carbohydrate binding lectins like MBLs. Able to produce appropiate respinses and production of various cytokines and immune regulators.

30
Q

PRRs survey all cellular environments: Soluble

A

Blood borne pathogens - collects and MBP.

31
Q

PRRs survey all cellular environments: Intracellular

A

Cytosolic viral/bacterial sensors- RIGI, MDA5 and NODs

32
Q

PRRs survey all cellular environments: Vacuolar sensors

A

Some toll receptors

33
Q

How is harmfullness measured?

A

Many microbes are not normally harmful and live on/in host commensal flora. This depends on DAMPs.

34
Q

DAMPs

A

Damage associated molecular patterns

35
Q

Molecules released from damaged tissues/cells

A

Enchance immune response:
HSPs
ATP
Nuclear proteins
Extracellular matrix components like hyaluronic acid.

Not normally released for cells undergoing apoptosis but are thorugh damaged/killed cells.

36
Q

What happens after microbial recognition?

A

Uptake/phagocytosis by neutrophils, macrophages and dendritic cells.

36
Q

Step by step of phagocytosis

A

Recognition
Uptake, singalling and actin driven cytoskeletal remodelling
Appropiate processing

37
Q

Step by step of phagocytosis: Recongition

A

Receptor mediated, directing binding via phagocytic receptors, indirect pathogen binding via Fc receptor (against Ab-coated particles) and complement receptor –> opsonised.

38
Q

Step by step of phagocytosis: Uptake…

A

Uptake, signalling, and actin driven cytoskeletal remodelling.

39
Q

Step by step of phagocytosis: Appropiate processing

A

Microbial killing (neutrophil, macrophage, DCs)

Production of inflammatroy signals (macrophages) or non-inflammatory removal of dead apoptopic cells (macrophages.)

Production of inflammatroy signals to alert (cytokines) and recruit (chemoattractant) other cells (macrophages)

Presentation and communication with T cells (by DCs, adaptive response).

Immunology (12 decks)

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