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Immunology > Innate Immunity II > Flashcards

Innate Immunity II Flashcards

1
Q

What do macrophages and DCs do?

A

Uptake and degragate

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2
Q

How does uptake and degradation occur?

A

Macrophages and DCs

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3
Q

Phagocytosis step by step

A

Actin is part of cells exoskeleton
Psuedopodia surround particle
Vacoule forms
Matures into phagosome
pH drops allowing enzymes to work

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4
Q

Killing mechanism of macrophages and DCs

A

Proteolytic/hydrolytic enzyme.
Reaction O/N species
Antimicrobial peptides
Nutrient deprivation (passive)

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5
Q

Examples of reaction oxygen species

A

NAPH-oxidase generates superoxides and hydrogen peroxide.

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6
Q

Example of reaction N species

A

Nitric oxide synthases produces NO + others.

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7
Q

Examples of antmicrobial peptides

A

Cathelicidins
Bacteridial increasing protein

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8
Q

What does BPI do?

A

Bactericidal increasing protein forms pores in bacterial membranes

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9
Q

What are the four outcomes of phagocytosis by macrophages and dendritic cells. KPRP

A

Killing
Presentation - activating T cells
Removing apoptopic cells
Producing cytokines and inflammatory molecules

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10
Q

What are the two phages of innate immune response to infection

A

Steady state
Inflammatory phase

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11
Q

Define inflammation

A

General term for accumulation of fluid, plasma proteins and leukocuytes initiated by physical trauma, infection or local immune response.

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12
Q

Medical: Less than 6 weeks

A

Acute

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13
Q

Medical: More than 6 weeks

A

Chronic

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14
Q

What are the clinical signs of inflammation

A

Swelling
Heat
Pain
Redness
Loss of function

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15
Q

What are the 3 stages of inflammation? IRR

A

Initiation
Recruitment of effector cells (mainly neutrophils)
Resolution (switching off/removing cells)

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16
Q

Edema definition

A

Swelling

17
Q

Neutrophil time line during swelling

A

Neutrophils are recruited, then die and are ingested by monocytes/macrophages to remove them.

18
Q

Neuropenia definition

A

Low number of neutrophils

19
Q

What does severe congenital neutropenia lead to?

A

Death in infancy due to severe infections

20
Q

What can chemotherapy induced neutropenia lead to?

A

Infection and or feath

21
Q

AML

A

Acute myeloid leukamiea

22
Q

Why does AML cause neutrophilia?

A

Immunocompromisation due to immature myeloid cells.

23
Q

Neutrophilia

A

Too many neutrophils

24
Q

Why is neutrophilia bad?

A

Immature cells are non-functional

25
Q

Initiation of inflammation:

A

Bacterial uptake by macrophages and mast cell degranulation.
Increased vessel permeability, increase in soluble components from blood, abs and complement.
Chemokines and bacterial products faciliate chemotaxis.

26
Q

What do inflammatory cytokines regulate>

A

Adhesion molecules on the endothelium and neutrophils allowing recruitment of cells from blood.

27
Q

Main stages of leukocyte recruitment.

A

Rolling
Activation by cytokines
Firm adhesion
Extravasation (Diapedesis)

28
Q

Diapedesis

A

Is where the WBC squeezes through the endothelial cell reaching the basement membrane

29
Q

Example of proinflammatory cytokine

A

TNF-alpha

30
Q

Where and how are neutrophils kileld>

A

At site of inflammation, the neutrophils are activated by PAMPs to unload their weapons.

31
Q

Neutrophils deliver many anti-microbial molecules

A

Oxdative burst (NADPH), NO synthase and myeloperoxidase

32
Q

What does myeloperoxidase form?

A

Hypochlorous acid

33
Q

What does host tissue damage by neutrophils lead to>

A

Liquefication and pus formation

34
Q

Final suicide of neutrophil requires

A

IL-8

35
Q

How is inflammation resolved?

A

Active apoptosis of neutrophils.

36
Q

What cell type is a specialised granular lymphocyte?

A

NK

37
Q

What triggers NK’s antibody-dependent cellular toxicity (ADCC)

A

Recognition of Ab coated cells triggers killing

38
Q

How to NK cells kill

A

Perforin and granzyme B

Immunology (12 decks)

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