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Immunology > B cells and antibodies > Flashcards

B cells and antibodies Flashcards

1
Q

Where are Igs present?

A

Extracellular fluids including blood, tossue fluid and mucosal secretions.

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2
Q

How to Igs mediate humoral immunity?

A

By binding to free or bound antigens.

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3
Q

What is XLA?

A

X-linked agammaglobulinemia is a rare immunodeficiency where patients are deficient in B-lymphocytes and Ig production.

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4
Q

Do Igs directly kill microbes or catabolise antigens?

A

No

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5
Q

How do Igs lead to clearance of pathogen

A

Neutralisation, opsonisation and complement activation

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6
Q

How do Igs neutralise antigens?

A

By blocking interactions with their targets

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7
Q

How do Igs opsonise antigens for uptake by phagocytosis

A

Fc receptors bind to Ig Fc region, leading to phagocytosis of the Ig-antigen complexes via Fc receptors.

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8
Q

Igs can activate the classical complement pathways leading to…

A

Complement mediated neutralisation and lysis
Phagocytosis via complement receptors.

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9
Q

What are the two types of light chain

A

Gamma or kappa

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10
Q

What is the antigen binding sites made of on the Ig?

A

CDR/hypervariable loops from the VL and VH domains.

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11
Q

What forces are used for binding epitopes to Igs

A

Electrostatic interaction
H bonds
Hydrophobic interaction
VDWs forces
NOT covalent bonds

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12
Q

What are the five classes of Ig?

A

IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD and IgE

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13
Q

What heavy chain does IgM contain?

A

Mu

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14
Q

What heavy chain does IgG contain?

A

Gamma

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15
Q

What heavy chain does IgA contain?

A

Alpha

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16
Q

What heavy chain does IgE contain?

A

Epsilon

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17
Q

What heavy chain does IgD contain?

A

Delta

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18
Q

What is the structure of IgM

A

Pentameric with 10 binding sites.
J chain promotes IgM polymerisation.
4 CH domains

19
Q

IgG structure

A

Monomeric
3 CH domains

20
Q

Isotopes of IgG

A

IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4

21
Q

Structure of IgA

A

Exists as monomer or dimer
J-chain links both monomers
3 CH domains

22
Q

Structure of IgE

A

Monomeric
4 CH domains

23
Q

What antibody is first secreted in the primary response?

A

IgM

24
Q

Where is IgM mainly confined to due to its size?

A

Vascular system

25
Q

Functions of IgM

A

Neutralisation, activation of classical complement and limits spread of microbes via blood stream

26
Q

What Ig is produced in secondary response to antigen in lymph node and spleen?

A

IgG

27
Q

What is the major antibody in human blood

A

IgG1

28
Q

Function of IgG

A

Opsonisation, activates classical complement system.

29
Q

What antibody is actively transported across placent to protect fetus in first 3-6months of gestation?

A

IgG

30
Q

Where is IgA produced and when?

A

MALT during secondary response.

31
Q

Function of IgA

A

Neutralisation of bacterial toxins, prevents microbial adhesion to epithelial. Inhibits viral infectivity.

32
Q

What is IgA poor at?

A

Opsonisation and complement activation.

33
Q

Where is IgE produced?

A

MALT

34
Q

What type of infection is IgE usually produced against

A

Helminth and other parasitic infections.

35
Q

What concentration of IgE is there in blood?

A

Low

36
Q

What is IgE bound to in blood?

A

Fc-epsilon receptors on mast cells, basophils and eosinophils.

37
Q

What antigens does IgE bind to and what happens?

A

Polyvalent antigens which cross links Fc-epsilon receptors and triggers release of inflammatory mediators.

38
Q

IgD structure

A

Monomer
3 CH

39
Q

IgD concentration in blood

A

Very low

40
Q

Function of IgD

A

Acts as antigen receptor on immature B cells, no other biological function found.

41
Q

Where are plasma cells found?

A

Secondary lymphoid tissues, can migrate back to bone marrow.

42
Q

Function of plasma B cells?

A

Secrete large amounts of Igs.

43
Q

Memory B-lymphocytes, Ig secretion amounts and response.

A

Express membrane Ig only, don’t secrete Ig.
Response quicker and greater in amplitude than intial response.

44
Q

How do CD4+ T-helper cells activate B-lymphocytes?

A

Cytokines and CD40/CD40L interactions.

Immunology (12 decks)

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