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Immunology > Adaptive immunity > Flashcards

Adaptive immunity Flashcards

1
Q

HIV and adaptive immunity time-line:

A
  1. HIV infects CD4+ cells.
  2. CD4+ are depleted until they drop below threshold.
    3.Disease progresses to AIDS.
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2
Q

Function of B lymphocyte.

A

Produces antibodies (humoral immunity).
10-15% of lymphocytes.
Triggered by antigen to differentiation into plamsa cells and memory B-cells.
Combat bacterial and some viral infection.

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3
Q

Function of T-lymphocyte

A

Cell mediated immunity.
75-80% of lymphocytes
Combats viruses, fungi, intracellular bacteria and cancerous cells.

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4
Q

What is immunological memory?

A
  • Ability of the immune system to respond more rapidly and effectively to pathogens that have been encountered previously.
  • Reflects clonal expansion lymphocytes with specificity for the antigen.
  • Utilised in vaccination in which pathogen antigens are administered in a less harmful form, priming a response a response against the pathogen.
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5
Q

How does immunological memory lead to long lasting protection?

A

More responder cells available.
More efficient antigen recogntion/activation
Longer lasting
T cells produce more cytokines
B cells produce more antibodies

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6
Q

Where are lymphocytes present?

A

Specialised lymphoid tissues

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7
Q

MALT

A

Mucosal associated lymphoid tissue

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8
Q

What are the primary lymphoid organs

A

Bone marrow (B cell)
Thymus (T cell)

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9
Q

Function of primary lymphoid organs

A

Initial sites for lymphocyte production. This is where lymphocytes first express antigen receptors. Antigen independent differentiation

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10
Q

Whare the secondary lymphoid organs?

A

Lymph nodes, spleen and MALT.

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11
Q

What is the function of secondary lymphoid tissues?

A

Site where lymphocytes first encounter antigens.
Antigen dependent differentiation

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12
Q

What is a lymph node?

A

A secondary lymphoid tissue where resting B and T cells reside.

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13
Q

Function of lymph node

A

Filter lymph of cells like DC and foreign material.
B and T cells here first recognise and respond to antigen.
Antigen recognition drives antigen dependent differentiation.

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14
Q

Step by step of antigen independent maturation in the primary lymphoid tissues:

A

Occurs in bone marrow then thymus
Involves aquiring TCR
Positive and negative selection
T cell leave thymus, they now can respond to antigen

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15
Q

What migrates to the thymus in 8/9th week of human gestation?

A

Progenitor cells from site of haematopoiesis

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16
Q

Thymocyte

A

Developing T cell in thymus

17
Q

How do T cells develop in the thymus

A

Thymocytes proliferate and differentiation into distinct sub populations of mature T cells. These mature T-cells migrate into secondary lymphoid tissues

18
Q

Structure of the thymus

A

Lobular organ which is functionally seperated.

19
Q

Where do immature thymocytes proliferate?

A

Outer layer of thymus cortex

20
Q

Where do immature thymocytes undergo selection?

A

Thymus, inner cortex.

21
Q

What is DiGeorge syndrome?

A

Developmental defect where the thymus doesn’t form. Have B cells but fewer T cells.

22
Q

What makes a T-cell?

A

Expression of TCR

23
Q

Why does T cell development involves rearrangement of the germline TCR genes?

A

Produce TCR proteins that recognise antigens.

24
Q

What is positive selection of T cells?

A

Selection for T cells that have TCRs that bind to MHC molecules to be histocompatibile to the host.

25
Q

What is the negative selection of T cells?

A

T cells are eliminated when their TCRs recognise self-antigens. Deletion of autoreactive cells.

26
Q

What is immunological tolerance?

A

Immune system doesn’t attack self-tissues/cells under normal conditions.

27
Q

Why is immunological tolerance important?

A

Prevent autoimmunity

28
Q

Central tolerance

A

Tolerance of T-cells to self-antigens during T-cell development in thymus.

29
Q

Antigen dependent differentiation of T-lymphocytes

A

Corresponds to antigen specific response.

30
Q

Antigen dependent differentiation of T-lymphocytes: Lymph node

A

Respond to antigens from tissues

31
Q

Antigen dependent differentiation of T-lymphocytes: Spleen

A

Responds to bloodborne antigens

32
Q

Antigen dependent differentiation of T-lymphocytes: MALT

A

Responds to mucosal antigens

Immunology (12 decks)

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