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Microbiology 2 > Vaccines > Flashcards

Vaccines Flashcards

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1
Q

the memory response can be so effective there is no

A

prodrome

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2
Q

what does vaccination do

A

primes the immune response without exposure to pathogenic agent

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3
Q

herd immunity

A

sufficient immune members of a population limit spread of a pathogen in a population

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4
Q

vaccines are composed of

A

whole pathogenic organisms or antigens from pathogens

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5
Q

lymphatic system

A

returns lymph back to circulation into the subclavian veins

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6
Q

lymph nodes

A

sample antigens from the lymphatics and display to lymphocytes (secondary lymphoid tissue)

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7
Q

spleen

A

performs a similar function of sampling antigens for the blood (secondary lymphoid tissue)

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8
Q

leukocytes are generated in

A

the bone marrow

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9
Q

leukocytes are educated

A

for self vs non-self discrimination in the bone marrow or the thymus (primary lymphoid tissues)

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10
Q

two arms of the adaptive immune response

A

humoral immunity - B cells
cell-mediated immunity - T cells

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11
Q

humoral immunity

A

B cells
extracellular targets
antibodies secreted into the serum
binds to targets and directs effector responses
the major outcome of most vaccines

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12
Q

cell-mediated immunity

A

T cells
intracellular antigens
eliminates infected or damaged cell

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13
Q

clonal selection theory

A

education/deletion in the bone marrow or thymus removes auto-reactive cells
binding a specific antigen stimulates clonal proliferation to make a population of B or T cells expressing the same receptor

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14
Q

B and T cells diversity is

A

encoded in the germline and expressed by recombination

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15
Q

BCR recombination

A

diversity of immunoglobulin generated by recombination of V, D and J segments
requires RAG1/2 - lymphoid specific recombinase

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16
Q

heavy chains

A

43 V, 21 D, 6 J = 5658 combinations

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17
Q

light chains

A

have 204 or 165 different combinations

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18
Q

terminal deoxytransferase

A

add non-templated additional nucleotides at each junction to increase diversity

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19
Q

b cells encounter antigen and T cells in

A

lymph nodes

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20
Q

how do B cells encounter antigen and T cells in lymph nodes

A

antigen from the periphery travels to the lymph nodes in the lymph
follicles contain FDCs and B cells
FDCs trap antigen
B cells continually circulate to different lymph nodes and sample antigen
B cell that finds antigen move to the paracortex (T cell zone)

21
Q

activated B cells form a

A

germinal center (GC)

22
Q

germinal center

A

sites of somatic hypermutation (SMH) and class switching
both require activation-induced cytidine-deaminase (AID)

23
Q

somatic hypermutation increases

A

affinity and diversity of antibody responses

24
Q

class switching changes

A

the effector functions of antibodies (new Fc regions)

25
Q

types of B cell antigens

A

repetitive antigens can activate B cells if there is TLR or complement bound to the antigen

no co-stimulation (TLR, complement, or T cell) leads to B cell anergy (absence of response)
TD antigen, TI-1 antigen, TI-2 antigen

26
Q

qualities of a good B cell antigen

A

non-self
large - many epitopes
chemically complex
can be degraded and presented on HLA (T-dependent)
protein&raquo_space; carbohydrate&raquo_space; lipid

27
Q

antibodies link _____ with _____

A

link antigen recognition (Fab) with specific effector functions (Fc)

28
Q

antibody-dependent enhancement of infection

A

non-neutralizing antibodies bind (especially targeting different serotype) bind to virions
Fc portion of IgG binds to Fc receptors on monocytes
low pH in the endosome leads to fusion, entry and subsequent replication
second infection with dengue leads to worse disease (hemorrhagic fever)

29
Q

antibody-dependent enhancement of infection is especially observed in

A

flaviviruses
dengue, zika, west nile, yellow fever

30
Q

adaptive immunity - cytotoxic T cells

A

express CD8 and recognize antigen in the context of HLA class I
if cytotoxic T cell recognizes its cognate antigen it will attempt to kill the cell

31
Q

preformed granules contain

A

perforin and granzyme B

32
Q

granzyme B stimulates

A

apoptosis by the intrinsic pathway (damaging mitochondria)

33
Q

Fas ligand will

A

stimulate apoptosis by the extrinsic pathway (signal from another cell)

34
Q

B cell epitopes must be

A

on the surface of the antigen

35
Q

T cell epitopes can be

A

anywhere in a protein sequence

36
Q

are there more T or B cell epitopes available in a pathogen

A

T cell

37
Q

what is common for B cell epitopes

A

antigenic drift

38
Q

antigenic drift for T cell epitopes is

A

uncommon and likely represents a higher genetic barrier

39
Q

active immunity (viral) vaccine strategies

A

attenuation
inactivation
fractionation
cloning

40
Q

inactivated vaccines

A

whole viruses or bacteria that are inactivated using radiation, heat or chemicals (formaldehyde, formalin)
-prevents replication but maintains antigenicity
-do not infect cells - mostly humoral response
-requires boosting

41
Q

attenuated vaccines

A

whole organism weakened or adapted to growth in non-human cells
-less virulent and less replication
-mild to no disease symptoms
-infects cells - humoral and cell mediated response
-boosting not often required

42
Q

toxoid vaccines

A

bacterial exotoxins purified from culture
-toxins inactivated with chemical treatment (formaldehyde)
-stimulate neutralizing antibody responses
-diphtheria and tetanus exotoxins

43
Q

recombinant subunit vaccines

A

generate antigen in yeast culture and purify
-requires cloning antigen that generates a protective response
-stimulate neutralizing antibody responses
(HBV and Shingrix)

44
Q

virus-like particles (VLP)

A

viral capsids self-assemble in a concentration-dependent manner
some viral capsids do not require viral genomes - form non-infectious virus-like particles

45
Q

HPV vaccine

A

VLPs stimulate protective antibodies responses
prevents cervical and some esophageal cancer and genital warts

46
Q

genetic vaccines and the strategies

A

gene encoding an antigen into human cells
strategies: DNA on a plasmid, mRNA, modified virus vector

47
Q

for genetic vaccines DNA and RNA require a

A

platform allowing entry into cells, such as liposomes or electroporation

48
Q

genetic vaccines can generate

A

humoral or a cell mediated response

49
Q

COVID-19 vaccine

A

mRNA lipid nanoparticle (LNP)
taken into cell
escapes the endosome
ionizable lipids are uncharged at neutral pH and positive charge at low pH
contributes to disruption/fusion/payload delivery

Microbiology 2 (18 decks)

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