Upper Respiratory Tract

Question 1

upper respiratory tract

Answer 1

nasal cavity, Eustachian tube, pharynx

Question 2

respiratory defenses

Answer 2

mucociliary clearance: cilia forces mucus towards pharynx
alveolar macrophages remove pathogens that reach alveoli

Question 3

transmission of respiratory disease

Answer 3

fomite (influenza, picornaviruses, adenovirus)
droplets and aerosols
measles can stay in a room for 2h

Question 4

what affects transmission

Answer 4

-generation and exhalation (viral load, distribution, number of virions)
-transport (settling velocity, persistence)
-inhalation, deposition and infection (size distribution, deposition mechanisms)

Question 5

how long do particles stay in the air

Answer 5

small droplets (<1 um): hours
droplets <5 are important for virus infection

Question 6

inertia

Answer 6

removes most large particles in nasal passage

Question 7

turbulent airflow

Answer 7

helps to increase contact between particles and mucus

Question 8

syndrome

Answer 8

a set of connected/co-occurring signs and symptoms with an unclear cause

Question 9

common cold syndrome

Answer 9

2-4 day incubation

Question 10

common cold syndrome viruses

Answer 10

picornavirus
adenovirus
coronavirus
parainfluenze

Question 11

rhinovirus and enteroviruses characteristics

Answer 11

picornavirus (small RNA)
small, non-enveloped viruses
have an IRES (internal ribosome entry site)
replicate at 33C

Question 12

rhinovirus and enteroviruses spread and vaccine

Answer 12

spread through aerosols or fomites
remains infectious on surfaces in the environment
no antivirals and no vaccines available

Question 13

there are very effective ______ vaccines

Answer 13

poliovirus

Question 14

streptococcal pharyngitis

Answer 14

streptococcus pyogenes
respiratory droplets
swollen lymph noses, tonsil abscesses, reddening of pharynx
fever, malaise, headache
can spread to trachea, larynx, bronchi
no vaccine

Question 15

strep throat complications

Answer 15

scarlet fever
rheumatic fever
acute glomerulonephritis

Question 16

scarlet fever

Answer 16

blanching, papular rash on chest, strawberry red tongue, headache, chills, muscle pain
expression of exotoxin
exotoxin acts as a super antigen

Question 17

rheumatic fever

Answer 17

fever joint swelling, pancarditis 2-5 weeks after sore throat
antibody mediated - antibodies (S. pyogene) cross react with self antibodies
Type II hypersensitivity

Question 18

acute glomerulonephritis

Answer 18

haematuria, albuminuria, oedema
spontaneous recovery 1-3 weeks after infection can cause kidney damage
Type III hypersensitivity
immune complexes of S. pyogenes antigens or self-antigens

Question 19

diptheria

Answer 19

corynebacterium diphtheriae
sore throat, localized pain, fever, pharyngitis
pseudomembrane adhered to tonsils, pharynx, larynx
bullneck

Question 20

diphtheria toxin destroys

Answer 20

a eukaryotic elongation factor - a protein required for translation of polypeptides

Question 21

C. diphtheriae is transmitted

Answer 21

from person to person via respiratory droplets or skin contact

Question 22

diptheria prevention

Answer 22

by immunization with DTaP vaccine