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vaccines Flashcards

1
Q

what is the main contraindication for live attenuated vaccines

A

immunosuppression

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2
Q

who is the chickenpox VZV vaccine offered to

A
  1. healthcare workers who are not immune
  2. contacts of an immunosuppressed family member e.g. child or a parent who is getting chemotherapy
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3
Q

what are the live attenuated vaccines

A

BCG
MMR
Influenza (intranasal)
Oral rotavirus
Oral polio
Yellow fever
Oral typhoid
VZV (shingles + chickenpox) - subcut

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4
Q

who is eligible for shingles vaccine

A

age 70 until 79

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5
Q

Toxoid (inactivated toxin) vaccines

A

tetanus
diphtheria
pertussis

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6
Q

Subunit and conjugate vaccines

A

pneumococcus (conjugate)
haemophilus (conjugate)
meningococcus (conjugate)
hepatitis B
HPV

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7
Q

Inactivated preparations vaccinations

A

Rabies
Influenza (IM)
Hep A

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8
Q

Valency of vaccines definition

A

the number of antigenic components or serotypes it can protect against

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9
Q

difference between monovalent and multivalent/polyvalent vaccines with examples

A

monovalent - works against one strain or subtype of a pathogen e.g. measles vaccine

multi/polyvalent - works against various strains or subtypes of pathogen e.g. influenza vaccine

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10
Q

over the course of 0 to 18 years, how many tetanus vaccinations do you get

A

FIVE

at 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 3-5 years, and 13-18 years

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11
Q

Patient has wound injury
Patient has had a full course of tetanus vaccines, with the last dose < 10 years ago

What is the treatment?

A

No vaccine
No tetanus immunoglobulin needed

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12
Q

Patient has wound injury
Patient has had a full course of tetanus vaccines, with the last dose OVER 10 years ago

What is the treatment?

A

If tetanus prone wound: give tetanus vaccine
If high risk wound: give tetanus vaccine AND tetanus immunoglobulin

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13
Q

Patient has wound injury
Patient is unsure of vaccination history in terms of tetanus.

What is the treatment?

A

Give tetanus vaccine regardless

If tetanus prone and high risk wound: give tetanus vaccine AND tetanus immunoglobulin

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14
Q

What are the 3 categories of tetanus types of wound

A
  1. clean wound - less than 6 hours old, no tissue damage
  2. tetanus prone wound - puncture type injury in contaminated environment, foreign bodies, compound fractures, sepsis, bites and scratches
  3. high-risk wound - heavy contamination with tetanus spores e.g. soil, manure. wounds or burns with extensive devitalised tissue, or need surgical intervention
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15
Q

there are 2 types of pneumococcal vaccine. which one is offered to who?

A
  1. pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) - given to children as part of routine imms (at 3 and 12-13 months)
  2. pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV) - given to all over age 65, and chronic conditions e.g. COPD, splenectomy
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16
Q

Adults over age of 65 with risks usually require just one dose of pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV). Which cohorts need a vaccine every 5 years?

A

Asplenia
Splenic dysfunction (including coeliac!)
Chronic kidney disease

17
Q

who is influenza vaccine offered to

A

over 65 years old with:
- respiratory disease (including asthma inhaled steroids)
- heart disease (IHD, heart failure)
- CKD
- chronic liver disease
- chronic neuro disease e.g. stroke
- diabetes including diet controlled
- immunosupressed
- asplenia/splenic dysfunction
- pregnant women

or at risk individuals in care homes, carers, or healthcare staff

18
Q

Which groups of adults over age of 65 require pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV) (regardless of every year or 5 years)?

A
  • asplenia/splenic dysfunction
  • chronic resp disease e.g. COPD, CF (asthma only if ORAL steroids)
  • chronic heart disease - controlled HTN does not count
  • CKD
  • chronic liver disease
  • DM if needs medication
  • immunosuppresion
  • cochlear implants
  • patients with CSF leaks
19
Q

who is the BCG vaccine recommended for:

A
  • infants (0-12 months) in UK where TB annual incidence is >40/100,000
  • infants (0-12 months) who parent or grandparent was born in country where TB annual incidence is >40/100,000
  • previously unvaccinated tuberculin-negative contacts of resp TB
  • previously unvaccinated tuberculin-negative new entrants <16 years who lived or were born in country with annual TB incidence >40/100,000
  • healthcare workers
  • prison staff
  • carehome workers
  • ppl who work with homeless people
20
Q

if an infant is older than 6 years but parent/grandparent is from a high incidence TB country, what needs to be done before deciding if they need BCG vaccine

A

tuberculin test

21
Q

what does the BCG vaccine contain

A

live attenuated Mycobacterium bovis

22
Q

Any person being considered for the BCG vaccine must first be given a tuberculin skin test. The only exceptions is what..?

A

children < 6 years old who have had no contact with tuberculosis

23
Q

How is BCG vaccine given

A

Intradermally
Lateral aspect of L upper arm

24
Q

What are the rules for BCG vaccines for timing of vaccination

A

Can be given at the same time as other live vaccines
If it is not, there should be a 4 week interval

25
Q

6 contraindications to BCG vaccination

A
  1. previous BCG vaccination
  2. past history of tuberculosis
  3. HIV
  4. Pregnancy
  5. positive tuberculin test (Heaf or Mantoux)
  6. Age over 35
26
Q

MMR vaccine
When are the doses given

A

12-15 months
3-4 months

27
Q

What are the 5 contraindications to MMR

A
  1. Immunosuppresion
  2. Allergy to neomycin
  3. Children who received another live vaccine by injection within 4 weeks
  4. Pregnancy - avoid for at least 1 month after vaccination
  5. Immunoglobulin therapy within last 3 months
28
Q

When should Men B vaccines be given?

A

2 months
4 months
12-13 months

29
Q

Adverse effects of MMR vaccine after 1st dose - when do they occur and how long do they last for

A

Malaise
Fever
Rash

Typically occurs after 5-10 days, lasts around 2-3 days

30
Q
A

AKT (25 decks)

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