Opthal Flashcards
subconjunctival haemorrhages - traumatic haemorrhages are most commonly in which region?
Temporal region
Subconjunctival haemorrhage on examination would show what findings of the fundus?
NORMAL fundus
When do subconjunctival haemorrhages warrant investigation?
Recurrent
Bilateral
Traumatic with other eye injury
No obvious border
In age-related macular degeneration, there is degeneration of retinal photoreceptors that results in the formation of…
DRUSEN
which is seen on fundoscopy and retinal photography
What is the most common cause of blindness in the UK
Age related macular degeneration
Two types of age-related macular degeneration - what are they and which one is more common
- Dry macular degeneration (90%)
- Wet macular degeneration
Dry macular degeneration is also known as…
ATROPHIC
Wet macular degeneration is also known as…
EXUDATIVE or NEOVASCULAR macular degeneration
What is wet macular degeneration (10% of ARMD) characterised by?
Choroidal neovascularisation
What is dry macular degeneration (90% of ARMD) characterised by?
Drusen - yellow round spots in Bruch’s membrane
Which type of age related macular degeneration carries the worst prognosis
Wet (exudate, neovascular) macular degeneration
Leaks serous fluid and blood - rapid loss of vision
Distortion of line perception may be noted (i.e. in diseases such as age-related macular degeneration) using what test?
Amsler grid testing
In fundoscopy of in wet ARMD, red patches may be seen which represent …
intra-retinal or sub-retinal fluid leakage or haemorrhage
What is the investigation of choice to identify any pigmentary, exudative or haemorrhagic changes affecting the retina, and age-related macular degeneration?
Slit lamp microscopy
What investigation can be used to guide intervention for neovascular (wet) ARMD to help with anti-VEGF therapy?
Flureoscein angiography
What investigation can be used to visualise retina in 3D - better than microscopy
Optical coherence tomography
Treatment of ARMD
- Zinc, vitamins A, C, E
- Anti-VEGF agents - 4 weekly injection
- Laser photocoagulation for new vessel formation
What is acute angle-closure glaucoma caused by
Increased intra-ocular pressure due to impaired aqueous outflow
If you struggle to see nearby objects, what is this called
HYPERMETROPIA
Long-sightedness
If you struggle to see far away objects, what is this called
MYOPIA
Short-sightedness
What eye condition has a semi-dilated non-reacting pupil?
Acute angle closure glaucoma
What investigations are used for glaucoma
Tonometry - looks for elevated IOP
Gonioscopy - special lens for slit lamp to visual the angle
Acute angle glaucoma management
- Eyedrops (e.g. pilocarpine, timolol, apraclonidine)
- IV acetazolamide - reduces aqueous secretions
- Topical steroids
- Laser peripheral iridotomy
What 3 types of eyedrops are useful in acute angle closed glaucoma
- Direct parasympathomimetic e.g. pilocarpine - contracts ciliary muscles to increase outflow of aqueous humour
- B-blockers e.g. timolol - reduces aqueous production
- Alpha-2 agonist e.g. apraclonidine - decreases aqueous production and increases outflow