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Molecular Immunology > Vaccines > Flashcards

Vaccines Flashcards

1
Q

____: Stop transmission of pathogen by vaccination of “large enough % of people”

A

Herd Immunity

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2
Q

In Herd Immunity, percentage of people needed to be vaccinated depends on the ____ of the pathogen

A

attack rate

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3
Q

What disease has a high attack rate and, therefore, requires increased percentage of vaccinated/immune individuals to slow down transmission of disease?

A

Measles

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4
Q

What are the three types of whole organism vaccines?

A

1) Killed/inactivated
2) Live attenuated
3) Live heterologous species

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5
Q

What are the types of subunit/purified macromolecules?

A

1) Toxoid
2) Polysaccharides
3) Subvirion
4) Recombinant
5) Naked DNA

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6
Q

Two major vaccine groups?

A

Whole Organism vs. Subunit/Purified Macromolecules

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7
Q

Pathogen purification, then inactivation by chemical/physical means leaves pathogen unable to replicate. What vaccine uses this strategy?
A. Toxoid
B. Subvirion
C. Killed/Inactivated

A

C. Killed/Inactivated

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8
Q

Why can’t we use killed/inactivated vaccines against ALL pathogens?

A

Dead pathogens are NOT processed by immune system like living pathogen
1) **Adverse immune responses may arise
2) Immune responses that do develop may not be protective

Example: Killed Measles Vaccine

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9
Q

Three advantages of Killed/Inactivated Whole Organism Vaccines?

A

1) Stable - do not require cold chain
2) Sufficient Ab response (humoral)
3) Safe to give to immunocomp or pregnant people

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10
Q

Disadvantages of Killed/Inactivated Whole Organism vaccines?

A

1) Require boosters (weakly immunogenic)
2) Predominately promote Th2-dependent (humoral) responses

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11
Q

True or False: Killed/Inactivated Whole Organism vaccines undergo exogenous processing and present on HLA II

A

True
- Also have humoral immunity

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12
Q

What is strategy used by Live Attenuated Whole Organism?

A

Take original pathogen and culture it in vitro so it LOSES its VIRULENCE

After you have an avirulent pathogen, you can administer vaccine (which is LIVE, but lacks VIRULENCE)

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13
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages to live attenuated whole organism vaccines?

A

Advantages
- Processed by immune system like actual infection and elicits SUSTAINED immune response (similar to actual infection)

Disadvantages
- Not very stable; may require cold chain
- May revert from virulent form to virulence (esp in immune compromised)

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14
Q

True or False: Immunocompromised people can be given live attenuated vaccines

A

False
- cannot eradicate quickly
- can cause disease in host

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15
Q

____ is a type of live vaccine where one pathogen is introduce in order to provide protection against a different one. The vaccines are pathogens of other animals that either
a) do not cause disease or
b) cause mild disease in organism being treated

A

Heterologous vaccine (smallpox - vaccinia virus)

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16
Q

An advantage of a live whole cell vaccine over a killed vaccine is:
A. Can be administered to immunosuppressed
B. More stable
C. Induces both humoral and CMI
D. Reverts back to virulent form
E. All of the above

A

C. Induces both humoral and CMI

17
Q
A
18
Q

How do toxoid vaccines work?

A

Exotoxoid is chemically modified to take away site responsible for toxicity; toxoid remains;

19
Q

Three examples of toxoid vaccines?

A

Tetanus, diptheria, botulism

20
Q

What is the goal of polysaccharide vaccines?

A

Increase antibody against polysaccharide antigens of bacteria

21
Q

How are polysaccharide vaccines made?

A

bacterial cell + capsule => grow in pure culture => separate and purify capsule => inject purified polysaccharide

22
Q

After a polysaccharide vaccine, one has elevated levels of___ and __

A

Ab and C’ for opsonins

23
Q

How do you make subviron vaccines?

A

Protein exposed to detergent => purify the virion within envelope!

24
Q

Which part of the virus is used in subvarion vaccine?

A

virion/virus particle

25
Q

What type of vaccines use molecular biology to make proteins from pathogen?

A

Recombinant Vaccines
- uses virus like particle that are purified lacks genetic material)

26
Q

The SARS-CoV-2 (J&J and AstraZeneca) vaccine is an example of: _____

A

Recombinant Vector Vaccines

27
Q

_____: vaccines that use molecular biology to place virulent gene from pathogen into an avirulent microoorganism

A

Recombinant Vector Vaccines

28
Q

How was the COVID-19 Oxford Vaccine developed?

A

1) Took chimp adenovirus and modified it, so it would not cause disease
2) Gene that encodes spike in SARS-Cov-2
3) Incorporated gene into viral vector
4) Cells express spike protein
5) Body makes antibodies against spike proteins
6) Induces immune response

Molecular Immunology (27 decks)

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