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Molecular Immunology > L5-Exam 2 > Flashcards

L5-Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

List the three professional phagocytes:

List the two non-professional phagocytes:

A

Professional Phagocytes:
1.Neutrophils, 2.Monophils/Macrophages
3.Dendritic Cells

Non-Professional Phagocytes:
1.Basophils
2.Eosinophils

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2
Q

True or False: Professional phagocytes originate from myeloid lineages

A

True

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3
Q

What is the first leukocyte to the site of an infection?

A

Neutrophils

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4
Q

True or False: Neutrophils cannot renew their lysosomes and can kill intra or extracellularly

A

True

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5
Q

Where are monocytes found? Macrophages?

A

Monocytes - blood
Macrophages - tissue

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6
Q

True or False: Monocytes/Macrophages/Dendritic cells can present antigens to T cells

A

True

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7
Q

Where are dendritic cells predominately found?

A

Lung, skin, GI (potential sites of pathogen entry)

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8
Q

True or False: Dendritic cells actively induce generation of ROS/toxic products that induce local inflammation

A

False - Dendritic cells do NOT actively induce generation of ROS/toxic products that induce local inflammation

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9
Q

Monocytes/Dendritic cells arrive and are activated ___

Neutrophils arrive and are activated ____

A

Monocytes/Dendritic cells arrive and are activated SLOWLY

Neutrophils arrive and are activated QUICKLY

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10
Q

Which have a longer life span: neutrophils vs. monocytes/dendritic cells?

A

Monocytes/Macrophages/Dendritic Cells

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11
Q

_____: directed movement of cells through a chemical gradient - in response to receptors found

A

Chemotaxis

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12
Q

Which endogenous factors encourage chemotaxis?

A

1) C5a
2) IL-1 and TNF-a
3) Chemokines (IL-8*)
4) LTB4
5) Fibrinopeptide B and Kinin

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13
Q

What type of molecules are involved in both pinocytosis and receptor mediated endocytosis?

A

Soluble molecules

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14
Q

___: process where cells ingest and destroy insoluble particles

A

Phagocytosis

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15
Q

____: non-specific invatigations in cell membrane with coincidental internalization of accompanying extracellular molecules

A

Pinocytosis

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16
Q

Phagocytosis is initiated when several types of ___ are bound by pathogens. Provide 4 examples.

A

receptors
1) PRR/TLR
2) Fc - recognize bottom 1/2 of Ab
3) Complement receptors

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17
Q

What type of receptors bind to opsonins on the surface of microbes?

A

1) Complement Receptors
2) Fc Receptors

18
Q

____: molecules that, when bound to the surface of microbes, makes them more attractive to phagocytic cells

A

Opsonins (C3b and IgG)

19
Q

True or False: When a microbe is covered with either C3b or IgG, receptors for C3b or IgG can tightly grab onto the microbe and ingest it

A

True

20
Q

Some organisms produce a hydrophilic ____ that make it hard for phagocytes to surround and phagocytose these organisms

A

hydrophilic

21
Q

True or False: Production of capsules enable a pathogenic organisms to more readily cause disease

A

True

22
Q

Once a microorganism is engulfed by a phagocyte, a ___ is formed

A

phagosome (phagocytic vesicle)

23
Q

What are the three effects that arise due to the formation of the phagosome?

A
  • increase in cell size
  • become more phagocytic
  • production of destructive molecules
24
Q

Once the phagosome fuses with lysosomes, a ___ is formed

A

phagolysosome

25
Q

Where does the Oxidative Burst chemical reaction occur? Products of the reaction?

A

Phagolysosome
(O2- and hypochlorite)

Note: Oxidative Burst requires oxygen

26
Q

True or False: superoxide (O2-), H2O2, OH- and OCl- are products of the oxidative burst and have potent anti-microbial activities

A

True

27
Q

A defect in what enzyme leads to Chronic Granulomatous Disease?

A

Myeloperoxidase

28
Q

True or False: If one has a defect in myeloperoxidase, neutrophils can phagocytose the pathogen but not intracellularly kill it

A

True

29
Q

How is inducible NO Synthase induced?

A

Cytokines (TNF-a and INF-gamma)

30
Q

What is the role of iNOS?

A

Modifies arginine and ultimately makes NO

31
Q

Three roles of NO?

A

1) Inhibits Fe/sulfur-dependent enzymes
2) Damages DNA
3) Oxidizes membrane lipids

32
Q

Where are Lysozymes, Lactoferrin, and Defensins located?

A

Within phagolysosome

33
Q

___: attack bacterial cell wall
____: chelates iron (needed for microbial metabolism)
____: disrupt membrane function, induce osmotic lysis

A

Lysozymes
Lactoferrin
Defensins

34
Q

What is the function of secreting effector molecules?

A

Alert and activate the rest of the immune system

35
Q

Chemocytes recruit ____
Cytokines activate ____ cells
NO can be ____

A

Chemocytes recruit additional cells
Cytokines active infiltrating cells
NO can be secreted

36
Q

True or False: Neutrophils do not require significant stimulus to phagocytose and kill, but monocytes/macrophages/dendritic cells do

A

True

37
Q

What are three stimuli that enhance neutrophil activation?

A

1) Stimulation of PRR
2) Complement - increase ox burst
3) Cytokines

38
Q

What are three mechanisms to activate monocytes/macrophages/dendritic cells?

A

1) Stimulation of PRR
2) Engage complement receptors / Fc receptors
3) Cytokines !! (INF-gamma)

39
Q

Which cytokine can impact monocyte differentiation into macrophages AND increase the ability of macrophages/dendrites to present antigen?

A

INF-gamma

40
Q

What happens after pathogen is phagocytose and destroyed?

A
  • Nucleic acids and amino acids are re-used
  • Peptides broken down into peptide fragments that are “presented” to T lymphocytes to activate T cells (macrophages/dendritic cells) via: antigen presentation

Molecular Immunology (27 decks)

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