L11: Active Immunizations Flashcards
_____: Stimulation of immune response to induce protection
Active Immunizations
_____ against viral illnesses includes the use of vaccines or antibody-containing preparations to provide a susceptible individual with immunologic protection against a specific disease
Immunoprophylaxis
Two major types of vaccines?
Whole Organism
Subunit/Purified Macromolecule
Three types of Whole Organism vaccines?
1) Killed
2) Attenuated
3) Heterologous
Which vaccine has the following features?
- targeted pathogen killed/inactivated via: physical or chemical means (no longer replicate in host)
Advantages
- stable; does NOT require cold chain
- can be administered to pregnant women + immune compromised people
Disadvantages
- requires multiple boosters
- processed via exogenous antigen processing, since they only enter antigen processing cells by phagocytosis/endocytosis
A. Live Attenuated Vaccines
B. Killed/Inactivated Vaccines
C. Live Heterologous Vaccines
B. Killed/Inactivated Vaccines
Which vaccines use living organisms that have been treated in such a way that they lose their VIRULENCE but retain ability to undergo limited replication within host?
A. Live Attenuated Vaccines
B. Killed/Inactivated Vaccines
C. Live Heterologous Vaccines
A. Live Attenuated Vaccines
What are two advantages of using live/attenuated vaccines over killed/inactivated?
1) Processed by endo/exo pathway - induce both antibody and cell mediated immune response
2) Don’t need boosters
Two disadvantages of using live/attenuated vaccines over killed/inactivated?
1) Cold chain required
2) Prone to revert to virulent form - esp. in IC people
The smallpox vaccine is an example of:
A. Live Attenuated Vaccines
B. Killed/Inactivated Vaccines
C. Live Heterologous Vaccines
C. Live Heterologous Vaccines
Four ways to attenuate a pathogen?
1) Prolonged growth of cells of a species that pathogen does not normally infect
2) Culture Attenuate (BCG vaccine)
3) Temperature Sensitive Mutants
4) Knock-out/Recombinant DNA
True or False: Most vaccines that utilize purified macromolecules are processed as exogenous antigens and, therefore, elicit primarily ANTIBODY response and require BOOSTERS
True
Three examples of toxoid vaccines?
1) Tetanus
2) Diptheria
3) Botulism
True or False: If the main virulence factor for a pathogen is a toxin, it may be purified and then inactivated chemically to eliminate TOXICITY of molecule, while maintaining IMMUNOGENICITY
True
True or False: Capsular polysaacharides are often virulence factors and are often T-independent antigens. Unless conjugated to proteins, may require multiple boosters
True
True or False: Capsular polysaacharides induce immunological memory and class switch
False - capsular polysaacharides do not induce either
Meningococcal, pneumococcal, Hib, and Typhoid Fever are examples of:
Polysaccharide-based vaccines
True or False: Influenza vaccines are treated with lipid solvents to remove envelope, result in exposure of SUBVIRON components
True
True or False: Hep A and HPV are made in yeast expression vectors (recombinant vaccines)
False - Hep B and HPV
Which two companies made the recombinant vector COVID vaccines?
Which companies made the nucleic acid COVID vaccines?
Recombinant vector = J/J; AstraZeneca
Nucleic acid = Moderna/Pfizer
____: Number of potential substrates to which individual can respond (mono vs. multi)
Valency
Hep B vaccine is ___ while combination Hep A and Hep B is ____
monovalent; diavlent
Most of the adjuvants (chemical agents that enhance normal immune response) contain ___
alum
How do most adjuvants act?
To focus a prolonged immune response by restricting antigen dispersion in vivo + forming depot of antigen at injection site
Three ways to kill a pathogen/make toxoid to create a vaccine?
1) Formalin (crosslinks AA’s - conserves structural integrity, but destroys antigenic integrity)
2) Beta-propiolactone (crosslinks nucleic acids; kills w/o affecting antigenic structure)
3) Physical inactivation (UV Light, Heat)
