Exam 1 (Lectures 1/2) Flashcards by Katlyn Heneghan

True or False: Normal microbial flora of the body plays an important role in the health of the host?

True

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Abnormal or aberrant immune functions could result in what two conditions?

1) Autoimmunity
2) Immune pathology

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Where tissues are an immature WBC likely to be found in?
A. thymus
B. lymph nodes
C. spleen

A. thymus

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Where is the major site of WBC, RBC, and platelet development?

Bone marrow

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Where do pluripotent stem cells proliferate and differentiate?

Bone marrow

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

___ is where T cells go to become mature

Thymus

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Where do lymphocytes localize after leaving primary tissues?

Secondary lymphoid tissues

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

In what tissues can lymphocytes interact with antigens?
A. Primary Lymphoid Tissues
B. Secondary Lymphoid Tissues

B. Secondary Lymphoid Tissues

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the primary lymphoid tissues? What are the secondary lymphoid tissues?

Primary: bone marrow and thymus
Secondary: spleen and lymph nodes

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which secondary lymphoid tissue is responsive to blood borne antigens or pathogens?

The spleen

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Do lymph nodes typically contain immature or mature cells?

Mature

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Cells of the lymph node are responsive to pathogens that arrive via the ___, __, and ___

skin, mucous membranes, internal organs

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

True or False: Cells in the lymph nodes sense pathogens when antigens are transported from infect site to “draining” nodes via: lymphatic vessels

True

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Cell division and cell migration are associated with activation of what cell type?

Cells of lymph node

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

True or False: Lymph nodes are located in the neck, axillae, groin, abdominal cavity, mesentary, and mediastium

True

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

____: loosely aggregated non-encapsulated lymphoid tissues found in lamina propria, submucosa areas of GI, and respiratory/GU

MALT (mucosa, associated lymphoid tissue)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

True or False: MALT is found in appendix, lungs, tonsils, breast, and sinuses

True

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

____: The process by which cellular components of blood and lymphatic system divides and differentiates in the bone marrow

Hematopoiesis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

___: cells that are responsible for controlling bleeding and mediating inflammatory response/tissue repair and remodeling

Platlets

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

____: cells that are responsible for host defense against pathogens and tumors

WBC’s

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

RBC’s, WBC’s, and platelets are derived from cells of the ____, termed _____

bone marrow; HSC’s

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

True or False: Hematopoietic stem cells are self-renewing and can differentiate into effector or memory cells

True

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the two primary ways by which cells communicate for host defense?

1) Cytokines (IL-1, IL-2)
2) Cell surface molecules
(CD-4)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Do cytokines act locally or distantly? Paracrine or autocrine?

Locally; both

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What four cell types of the innate immune system are associated with inflammation and phagocytosis?

Eosinophils, Neutrophils, and Monocytes/macrophages

What two cells types of the innate immune system are known to mediate allergic responses and inflammation?

Basophils and Mast cells

____ and ____ are circulating granulocytes while ___Cells are tissue-based granulocytes

Basophils and Neutrophils; Mast Cells

What type of cells are large granular lymphocytes of the innate immune system that kill tumor and infected cells?

Natural Killer Cells

All T-Lymphocytes are ____. However, Helper T cells are ___ and Cytotoxic cells are ___

CD3+; CD4+; CD8+

True or False: Normal flora is an innate host defense

True

What constitutes the first and most important line of immune defense?

The innate immune system

Which cells recognize foreigness non-specifically? A. T-Lymphocytes and B-Lymphocytes B. Granulocytic cells, phagocytes, and NK cells

B. Granulocytic cells, phagocytes, and NK cells

What are four ways the endogenous flora protect us from pathogens?

1) Compete w/pathogens for nutrients 2) Produce toxic substances 3) Occupy receptor sites 4) Stimulate cross-reactivity

What is the most important cellular defense against infection?

Phagocytes

True or False: Fever is a factor of the adaptive immune system

False - a fever is a factor of the innate immune system

What type of pyrogens are products of the microorganisms and other substances that can either induce production of endogenous pyrogens or act directly on the hypothalamus

Exogenous pyrogens

What are three examples of endogenous pyrogens?

TNF-a; IL-1; IL-6

How do endogenous pyrogens initiated fever? A. Release PGE2, which is metabolized to AA B. Release AA, which is metabolized to PGE2

B. Release AA, which is metabolized to PGE2

Only what two cell types can respond to antigens in a specific and adaptive manner?

T and B Lymphocytes

Which immune response has a lag time? How many days does it take to detect first response to an antigen?

Adaptive Immune 7-10 days

How many days does it take for the adaptive to detect second response an antigen? Why is the response faster and more rigorous?

3-4 days Anamnestic response/memory

Which immune system is able to down-regulate its response to an antigen once the foreign material is removed?

Adaptive immune system

Provide examples of Natural Active and Natural Passive Immunity:

Natural Active: Get sick and recover Natural Passive: Breast-feeding

Provide examples of Acquired Active and Acquired Passive Immunity:

Acquired Active: Vaccinated Acquired Passive: Admin of pre-made Ig

Cells of which immune system uses molecular pattern recognition receptors?

Innate immune cells

Cells of which immune response use receptors that are "hardwired" into their germline DNA?

Cells of the innate immune system

What cell type would you expect to see TLR (toll-like receptors) in? A. Macrophages B. T-lymphocytes C. B-lymphocytes

A. Macrophages

What cell type recognizes foreigness via a LACK of self-expression molecules on a host cell?

NK cells

Cells of which immune system randomly and somatically mutate the DNA encoding receptors that recognize foreigness during ontogeny?

Cells of the adaptive immune system cells

Which cells of the adaptive immune system only recognize foreign molecules that are first processed? What molecule do this processing?

T Lymphocytes APC (antigen processing cells)

What cells produce antibodies on their surface an can recognize unprocessed antigens?

B lymphocytes

True or False: When activated, B cells differentiate into cells that also secrete antibodies in a soluble form

True

____: any substance that is capable of inducing a specific immune response in the person exposed

Immunogen

True or False: cells of the innate immune system recognize PAMP's while lymphocytes of adaptive immune system respond to antigens through receptors

True

A tetanus vaccination stimulates what part of the immune system? A. Innate Immune System B. Adaptive Immune System C. Both immune systems

C. Both immune systems

What type of leukocyte do you most expect to find in the lymph nodes? A. HSC's B. Neutrophils C. Monocytes D. Mature lymphocytes E. Eosinophils

D. Mature lymphocytes

True or False: All T Lymphocytes are CD3+

True

What cell of the adaptive immune system is involved in making antibodies, presenting antigens, and has surface Ig+

B-Lymphocytes

True or False: All antigens are immunogens

False - all immunogens are antigens, but not all antigens are immunogens

___: smallest portion of an antigen that is capable of binding an antibody or T cell receptor. Also called: antigenic determinant.

Epitope

___: substance administered with an immunogen that enhances the immune response against the immunogen. Example: Potassium Al Sulfate

Adjuvant

____ Effect: prevents dispersion and dilution, resulting in slow continous release

Depot Effect

What four features make a good immunogen?

1) Large protein 2) Large glycoprotein 3) Large polysaccharides 4) Large nucleic acids

Which features make a poor immunogen?

1) Lipids 2) Glycolipids 3) Phospholipids 4) Small proteins/sugars

Which of these factors have an influence on immunogenicity? A. Charge B. Shape C. Size

C. Size

What is the minimum size for immunogenicity? A. 1,000 Da B. 500 Da C. 2,000 Da D. 50, 000 Da

A. 1,000 Da

__: small molecule that alone is not immunogenic but becomes so when conjugated to large molecule (e.g BSA)

Hapten

Immunogenic molecules can have numerous unique antigenic determinants, which are known as: ____

epitopes

True or False: Epitopes are defined by the ability of a given immunological component to bind to that specific region of a larger antigen molecule

True

True or False: B and T cells usually recognize the same types of epitopes

False - B cells usually recognize conformational/structural (2/3 structures) -T cells recognize linear epitopes (1 structure)

True or False: The more complex a molecule, the more immunogenic

True

_____: when a large percentage of a community becomes immune to a pathogen, making the spread of the pathogen from person to person unlikely

Herd Immunity

_____: An immunological reaction in which the immune components involved react with two different antigenic molecules that have shared or similar epitopes

Immunological Cross Reactivity

True or False: Antigens from related species are more immunogenic than those of distant species

False

You have a greater change of developing T1DM if you have HLA alleles or cytokines

True

True or False: The longer the antigen is around to initiate an immune response, the weaker the response

False - the longer it is around, the stronger the response

True or False: Weak immune response is related to malnourishment, high stress levels, and obesity

True

____: any substance that nonspecifically activates lymphocytes resulting in production of antibodies (B lymphocytes) or cytokines (T lymphocytes)

Mitogen

Which of the following molecules is most apt to initiate an immune response? A. Small carbohydrate B. Polypeptide made of a repeated single amino acid C. Phospholipid D. Large complex protein

D. Large complex protein