Exam 1 (Lectures 1/2) Flashcards
True or False: Normal microbial flora of the body plays an important role in the health of the host?
True
Abnormal or aberrant immune functions could result in what two conditions?
1) Autoimmunity
2) Immune pathology
Where tissues are an immature WBC likely to be found in?
A. thymus
B. lymph nodes
C. spleen
A. thymus
Where is the major site of WBC, RBC, and platelet development?
Bone marrow
Where do pluripotent stem cells proliferate and differentiate?
Bone marrow
___ is where T cells go to become mature
Thymus
Where do lymphocytes localize after leaving primary tissues?
Secondary lymphoid tissues
In what tissues can lymphocytes interact with antigens?
A. Primary Lymphoid Tissues
B. Secondary Lymphoid Tissues
B. Secondary Lymphoid Tissues
What are the primary lymphoid tissues? What are the secondary lymphoid tissues?
Primary: bone marrow and thymus
Secondary: spleen and lymph nodes
Which secondary lymphoid tissue is responsive to blood borne antigens or pathogens?
The spleen
Do lymph nodes typically contain immature or mature cells?
Mature
Cells of the lymph node are responsive to pathogens that arrive via the ___, __, and ___
skin, mucous membranes, internal organs
True or False: Cells in the lymph nodes sense pathogens when antigens are transported from infect site to “draining” nodes via: lymphatic vessels
True
Cell division and cell migration are associated with activation of what cell type?
Cells of lymph node
True or False: Lymph nodes are located in the neck, axillae, groin, abdominal cavity, mesentary, and mediastium
True
____: loosely aggregated non-encapsulated lymphoid tissues found in lamina propria, submucosa areas of GI, and respiratory/GU
MALT (mucosa, associated lymphoid tissue)
True or False: MALT is found in appendix, lungs, tonsils, breast, and sinuses
True
____: The process by which cellular components of blood and lymphatic system divides and differentiates in the bone marrow
Hematopoiesis
___: cells that are responsible for controlling bleeding and mediating inflammatory response/tissue repair and remodeling
Platlets
____: cells that are responsible for host defense against pathogens and tumors
WBC’s
RBC’s, WBC’s, and platelets are derived from cells of the ____, termed _____
bone marrow; HSC’s
True or False: Hematopoietic stem cells are self-renewing and can differentiate into effector or memory cells
True
What are the two primary ways by which cells communicate for host defense?
1) Cytokines (IL-1, IL-2)
2) Cell surface molecules
(CD-4)
Do cytokines act locally or distantly? Paracrine or autocrine?
Locally; both
What four cell types of the innate immune system are associated with inflammation and phagocytosis?
Eosinophils, Neutrophils, and Monocytes/macrophages
What two cells types of the innate immune system are known to mediate allergic responses and inflammation?
Basophils and Mast cells
____ and ____ are circulating granulocytes while ___Cells are tissue-based granulocytes
Basophils and Neutrophils; Mast Cells
What type of cells are large granular lymphocytes of the innate immune system that kill tumor and infected cells?
Natural Killer Cells
All T-Lymphocytes are ____. However, Helper T cells are ___ and Cytotoxic cells are ___
CD3+; CD4+; CD8+
True or False: Normal flora is an innate host defense
True
What constitutes the first and most important line of immune defense?
The innate immune system
Which cells recognize foreigness non-specifically?
A. T-Lymphocytes and B-Lymphocytes
B. Granulocytic cells, phagocytes, and NK cells
B. Granulocytic cells, phagocytes, and NK cells
What are four ways the endogenous flora protect us from pathogens?
1) Compete w/pathogens for nutrients
2) Produce toxic substances
3) Occupy receptor sites
4) Stimulate cross-reactivity
What is the most important cellular defense against infection?
Phagocytes
True or False: Fever is a factor of the adaptive immune system
False - a fever is a factor of the innate immune system
What type of pyrogens are products of the microorganisms and other substances that can either induce production of endogenous pyrogens or act directly on the hypothalamus
Exogenous pyrogens
What are three examples of endogenous pyrogens?
TNF-a; IL-1; IL-6
How do endogenous pyrogens initiated fever?
A. Release PGE2, which is metabolized to AA
B. Release AA, which is metabolized to PGE2
B. Release AA, which is metabolized to PGE2
Only what two cell types can respond to antigens in a specific and adaptive manner?
T and B Lymphocytes
Which immune response has a lag time? How many days does it take to detect first response to an antigen?
Adaptive Immune
7-10 days
How many days does it take for the adaptive to detect second response an antigen? Why is the response faster and more rigorous?
3-4 days
Anamnestic response/memory
Which immune system is able to down-regulate its response to an antigen once the foreign material is removed?
Adaptive immune system
Provide examples of Natural Active and Natural Passive Immunity:
Natural Active: Get sick and recover
Natural Passive: Breast-feeding
Provide examples of Acquired Active and Acquired Passive Immunity:
Acquired Active: Vaccinated
Acquired Passive: Admin of pre-made Ig
Cells of which immune system uses molecular pattern recognition receptors?
Innate immune cells
Cells of which immune response use receptors that are “hardwired” into their germline DNA?
Cells of the innate immune system
What cell type would you expect to see TLR (toll-like receptors) in?
A. Macrophages
B. T-lymphocytes
C. B-lymphocytes
A. Macrophages
What cell type recognizes foreigness via a LACK of self-expression molecules on a host cell?
NK cells
Cells of which immune system randomly and somatically mutate the DNA encoding receptors that recognize foreigness during ontogeny?
Cells of the adaptive immune system cells
Which cells of the adaptive immune system only recognize foreign molecules that are first processed? What molecule do this processing?
T Lymphocytes
APC (antigen processing cells)
What cells produce antibodies on their surface an can recognize unprocessed antigens?
B lymphocytes
True or False: When activated, B cells differentiate into cells that also secrete antibodies in a soluble form
True
____: any substance that is capable of inducing a specific immune response in the person exposed
Immunogen
True or False: cells of the innate immune system recognize PAMP’s while lymphocytes of adaptive immune system respond to antigens through receptors
True
A tetanus vaccination stimulates what part of the immune system?
A. Innate Immune System
B. Adaptive Immune System
C. Both immune systems
C. Both immune systems
What type of leukocyte do you most expect to find in the lymph nodes?
A. HSC’s
B. Neutrophils
C. Monocytes
D. Mature lymphocytes
E. Eosinophils
D. Mature lymphocytes
True or False: All T Lymphocytes are CD3+
True
What cell of the adaptive immune system is involved in making antibodies, presenting antigens, and has surface Ig+
B-Lymphocytes
True or False: All antigens are immunogens
False - all immunogens are antigens, but not all antigens are immunogens
___: smallest portion of an antigen that is capable of binding an antibody or T cell receptor. Also called: antigenic determinant.
Epitope
___: substance administered with an immunogen that enhances the immune response against the immunogen. Example: Potassium Al Sulfate
Adjuvant
____ Effect: prevents dispersion and dilution, resulting in slow continous release
Depot Effect
What four features make a good immunogen?
1) Large protein
2) Large glycoprotein
3) Large polysaccharides
4) Large nucleic acids
Which features make a poor immunogen?
1) Lipids
2) Glycolipids
3) Phospholipids
4) Small proteins/sugars
Which of these factors have an influence on immunogenicity?
A. Charge
B. Shape
C. Size
C. Size
What is the minimum size for immunogenicity?
A. 1,000 Da
B. 500 Da
C. 2,000 Da
D. 50, 000 Da
A. 1,000 Da
__: small molecule that alone is not immunogenic but becomes so when conjugated to large molecule (e.g BSA)
Hapten
Immunogenic molecules can have numerous unique antigenic determinants, which are known as: ____
epitopes
True or False: Epitopes are defined by the ability of a given immunological component to bind to that specific region of a larger antigen molecule
True
True or False: B and T cells usually recognize the same types of epitopes
False
- B cells usually recognize conformational/structural (2/3 structures)
-T cells recognize linear epitopes (1 structure)
True or False: The more complex a molecule, the more immunogenic
True
_____: when a large percentage of a community becomes immune to a pathogen, making the spread of the pathogen from person to person unlikely
Herd Immunity
_____: An immunological reaction in which the immune components involved react with two different antigenic molecules that have shared or similar epitopes
Immunological Cross Reactivity
True or False: Antigens from related species are more immunogenic than those of distant species
False
You have a greater change of developing T1DM if you have HLA alleles or cytokines
True
True or False: The longer the antigen is around to initiate an immune response, the weaker the response
False - the longer it is around, the stronger the response
True or False: Weak immune response is related to malnourishment, high stress levels, and obesity
True
____: any substance that nonspecifically activates lymphocytes resulting in production of antibodies (B lymphocytes) or cytokines (T lymphocytes)
Mitogen
Which of the following molecules is most apt to initiate an immune response?
A. Small carbohydrate
B. Polypeptide made of a repeated single amino acid
C. Phospholipid
D. Large complex protein
D. Large complex protein