Vaccinations and Oncology Flashcards
What is the aim of vaccination?
- To reduce the chance of that individual contracting a particular type of disease
What are the core canine vaccinations?
- Leptospirosis
- Parvovirus
- Distemper
- Hepatitis
What are the non-core canine vaccinations?
- Kennel cough
- Rabies
What are the core feline vaccination?
- Calcivirus
- Herpes
- Panleukopenia
What are the non-core feline vaccinations?
- FIV
- FeLV
- FIP
- Kennel cough
What are the 5 types of vaccines?
- Live
- Live attenuated
- Killed
- Recombinant
- Toxoid
What are live vaccines?
- Prepared from live microorganisms
- Either virulent or avirulent
What are the advantages of live vaccines?
- Fewer doses needed to achieve immune response
- Provide longer immunity
- Adjuvants are unnecessary
- Less risk of allergic reactions
- Inexpensive
What are the disadvantages of live vaccines?
- May be contaminated with unwanted microorganisms
- Require careful handling
- Does not store as well as inactive vaccines
- Possesses residual virulence
What are attenuated (modified live) vaccines?
- Organisms undergo a process to lose their virulence
What are the advantages of attenuated vaccines?
- Stimulate both humoral and cell mediated immunity
- Require fewer repeated doses to maintain protective immunity
What are the disadvantages of attenuated vaccines?
- Can cause abortion
- Can cause mild immunosuppression
What are recombinant vaccines?
- A vaccine produced through recombinant DNA technology
- 3 types: subunit, gene-deleted and virus-vectored
What are killed vaccines?
- Killing the organism with heat or chemicals that leave the organism mostly unchanged
- Inactive
What are the advantages of killed vaccines?
- Very safe
- Stable in storage
- No chance of reversion to virulence
- Can be used in pregnant and critically ill patients
What are the disadvantages of killed vaccines?
- Require repeated doses to achieve adequate immunity
- Adjuvants may cause side effects
Why do vaccines fail?
- Incorrect administration
- Incorrect storage
- Immunosuppressed animal
- Vaccinated to late
- Inadequate volume of vaccine given
- Biological variation
What are cyclophosphamides/Endoxan?
- Treatment of lymphoprofilerative diseases and myeloprofilerative diseases
What are the pharmacodynamics of cyclophosphamides?
- Affects DNA to change its structure and prevent cellular respiration causing cell death
What are the pharmacokinetics of cyclophosphamides?
- Metabolised by the liver into metabolites
- Eliminated by the kidneys
What are the adverse reactions of cyclophosphamides?
- Myelosuppression
- Haemorrhagic cystitis
- V+/D+
- Hepatotoxicity
- Nephrotoxicity
What is vincristine/oncovin?
- Treatment of lymphoprofilerative diseases
- POM
What are the pharmacodynamics of vincristine?
- Inhibits mitosis leading to cell death by binding to microtubular proteins and inhibiting spindle cell formation
What are the pharmacokinetics of vincristine?
- Metabolised by the liver
- Eliminated through faeces and urine
What are the adverse reactions of vincristine?
- Peripheral neuropathy
- Ileus
- GIT toxicity
- Myelosuppression
What is doxorubicin?
- Treatment for lymphoma, soft tissue sarcoma, osteosarcoma and haemangiosarcoma
- POM
What are the pharmacodynamics of doxorubicin?
- Inhibits DNA synthesis causing cell death
What are the pharmacokinetics of doxorubicin?
- Metabolised by liver
- Eliminated through bile and urine
What are the adverse reactions of doxorubicin?
- Acute anaphylaxis
- Cardiotoxicity
- Anorexia
- Nephrotoxicity
- Haemorrhagic gastroenteritis
What is carboplatin/paraplatin?
- Treatment for carcinomas and sarcomas
- POM
What are the pharmacodynamics of carboplatin?
- Damages DNA via nucleotides
What are the pharmacokinetics of carboplatin?
- Metabolised by the liver
- Eliminated through urine
What are the adverse reactions of carboplatin?
- Myelosuppression
- Nephrotoxicity
- Ototoxicity
- V+
- Neurotoxicity
- Anaphylactic reactions
