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Pharmacology and Comp Therapies > GIT and neuro drugs > Flashcards

GIT and neuro drugs Flashcards

1
Q

List the 3 neurological disorders?

A
  • Focal seizures
  • General seizures
  • Status epilepticus
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2
Q

What are the 5 neurological drug types?

A
  • Phenobarbital
  • Levetiracetam
  • Potassium bromide
  • Benzodiazepines
  • Imepitoin
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3
Q

What are the 2 gastrointestinal drug types?

A
  • Emetics/antiemetics/prokinetic drugs
  • Antacids/antiulcer
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4
Q

What are phenobarbitals?

A
  • First choice of antiepileptic drug
  • Decreases likelihood of spontaneous depolarization of brain cells
  • POM-V Schedule 3
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5
Q

Give 2 examples of a phenobabital?

A
  • Epiphen solution
  • Phenoleptil
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6
Q

What are the pharmacodynamics of phenobarbitals?

A
  • Mediates its use through GABA receptors
  • Inhibits the release of excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate
  • Effects reduce neuronal excitability
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7
Q

What are the pharmacokinetics of phenobarbitals?

A
  • Rapidly absorbed orally
  • Metabolised by the liver
  • Excreted by kidneys
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8
Q

What are the adverse reactions of phenobarbitals?

A
  • Ataxia
  • Polyphagia
  • PUPD
  • Hepatic toxicity
  • Anaemia/neutropenia/thrombocytopenia
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9
Q

What are the contraindications of phenobarbitals?

A
  • Pregnant or nursing animals
  • Hepatic disease
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10
Q

What are imepitoins?

A
  • Also first choice to manage idiopathic epilepsy
  • POM-V
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11
Q

Give an example of an imepitoin?

A
  • Pexion tablets
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12
Q

What are the pharmacodynamics of imepitons?

A
  • Inhibit GABA receptors to stop seizures
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13
Q

What are the pharmacokinetics of imepitoins?

A
  • Metabolised by the liver
  • Eliminated through faeces more than urine
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14
Q

What are the adverse reactions of imepitoins?

A
  • Ataxia
  • Skin reactions
  • Polyphagia
  • Hyperactivity
  • PUPD
  • Hypersalivation
  • D+/V+
  • Decreased sight
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15
Q

What are levetiracetams?

A
  • Used as adjunctive maintenance therapy alongside other drugs
  • POM, as not licensed as Keppra
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16
Q

Give an example of an levetiracetam

A
  • Keppra
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17
Q

What are the pharmacodynamics of levetiracetams?

A
  • Unknown mechanism
  • Possible binding to presynaptic vesicle proteins in the brain
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18
Q

What are the pharmacokinetics of levetiracetams?

A
  • Rapidly absorbed through GIT
  • Can be administered rectally for same effects
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19
Q

What are the adverse reactions of levetiracetams?

A
  • Ataxia
  • Reduced appetite
  • Hypersalivation
  • Lethargy
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20
Q

What is the contraindication of levetiracetams?

A
  • Do not use in severe renal disease
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21
Q

What are benzodiazepines (diazepam)?

A
  • Anticonvulsant for short-term emergency control of severe epilepsy or status epilepticus
  • Anxiolytic
  • POM-V
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22
Q

What are the pharmacodynamics of benzodiazepines (diazepam)?

A
  • Inhibition of centrally acting neurotransmitters through GABA receptors
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23
Q

What are the pharmacokientics of benzodiazepines (diazepam)?

A
  • Metabolised by the liver into active metabolites, which are likely to accumulate
  • Eliminated in the urine
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24
Q

What are the adverse reactions of benzodiazepines (diazepam)?

A
  • Ataxia
  • Excitation
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25
Q

What is the contraindication of benzodiazpines (diazepam0?

A
  • Severe hepatic disease
26
Q

What are benzodiazepines (midazolam)?

A
  • Provides sedation with amnesia
  • Emergency control of seizures
  • POM, as not licensed
27
Q

What are the pharmacodynamics of benzodiazepines (midazolam)?

A
  • Neural inhibition by increasing the effects of GABA
28
Q

What are the pharmacokinetics of benzodiazepines (midazolam)?

A
  • Metabolised by the liver in to inactive metabolites, so less likely to accumulate
  • Eliminated in the urine
29
Q

What are the adverse reactions of benzodiazepines (midazolam)?

A
  • Hypotension
  • Respiratory depression
30
Q

What is the contraindication of benzodiazepines (midazolam)?

A
  • Neonates
31
Q

What are emetics?

A
  • Self-limiting emesis
  • POM-V
32
Q

Give examples of emetics

A
  • Apomorphine as apometic
  • Emedog
33
Q

What are the pharmacodynamics of emetics?

A
  • Stimulates emesis through D2 dopamine receptors in the chemoreceptor trigger zone
34
Q

What are the pharmacokinetics of emetics?

A
  • Metabolised by the liver
  • Excreted in urine and breast milk
35
Q

What are the adverse reactions of emetics?

A
  • V++++
  • Respiratory depression
  • Sedation
  • Hypotension
36
Q

What are the contraindications of emetics?

A
  • If caustic products have been ingested
  • FB blockage
  • Unconscious
  • Seizures or poison
  • Collies due to MDR1 gene, which causes sensitivity to ivermectin
37
Q

What are antiemetics?

A
  • Prevents vomiting
  • POM-V
38
Q

Give examples of antiemetics

A
  • Cerenia
  • Prevomax
  • Vetemax
39
Q

What are the pharmacodynamics of antiemetics?

A
  • Inhibits vomiting reflex by blocking NK-1 receptors in medullary vomiting centre
40
Q

What are the pharmacokinetics of antiemetics?

A
  • Metabolised by the liver
  • Eliminated through kidneys and faeces
41
Q

What are the adverse reactions of antiemetics?

A
  • Pain in injection
  • Haemolysis if high doses
42
Q

What are contraindications of antiemetics?

A
  • GIT obstruction or perforation
43
Q

What are prokinetics?

A
  • Treatment of vomiting
  • POM-V
44
Q

What are examples of prokinetics?

A
  • Metoclopramide as emeprid, metomotyl and vomend
45
Q

What are the pharmacodynamics of prokinetics?

A
  • Affects gastric tissues through acetylcholine, which increases peristaltic activity
46
Q

What are the pharmacokinetics of prokinetics?

A
  • Metabolised by the liver
  • Eliminated through urine
47
Q

What are the adverse reactions of prokinetics?

A
  • Agitation
  • Ataxia
  • Tremors
  • Aggression
  • Vocalisation
  • Disorientation
48
Q

What are the contraindications of prokinetics?

A
  • Avoid in GIT obstruction and haemorrhage
  • Epilepsy
  • Renal or hepatic disease
  • Pseudopregnancy
49
Q

What are H2 blockers?

A
  • Management of gastritis, gastric or duodenal ulcers, oesophagitis and mast cell neoplasia
  • POM-V
50
Q

Give an example of an H2 blocker?

A
  • Cimetidine as Zitac
51
Q

What are the pharmacodynamics of H2 blcokers?

A
  • Histamine receptor antagonist reduces histamine-induced gastric acid secretion
52
Q

What are the pharmacokinetics of H2 blockers?

A
  • Metabolised by the liver
  • Excreted by urine
53
Q

What are the adverse reactions of H2 blockers?

A
  • Thromobocytopenia
  • Hepatotoxicity
  • Nephrotoxicity
54
Q

What are proton-pump inhibitors?

A
  • Management of gastric or duodenal ulcers, oesophagitis, mast cell neoplasia
  • POM-V
55
Q

Give an example of a proton-pump inhibitor

A
  • Omeprazole as Gastrogard
  • Can use Omeprazole off license
56
Q

What are the pharmacodynamics of proton-pump inhibitors?

A
  • Reduction of gastric acid thtough the inhibition of proton pumps producing hydrogen ions
57
Q

What are the pharmacokinetics of proton-pump inhibitors?

A
  • Metabolised by the liver
  • Eliminated through urine and bile to faeces
58
Q

What are anti-ulcers?

A
  • Treatment of oesophageal, gastric and duodenal ulceration
  • POM, as not licensed as Antepsin
59
Q

Give an example of an anti-ulcer

A
  • Sucralfate
60
Q

What are the pharmacodynamics of anti-ulcers?

A
  • Aluminium ion detaches from the compound, leaving a polar ion.
  • This ion binds to proteinaceous exudates in the upper GIT, forming a chemical barrier over ulcer sites
  • Prevents further erosion from acid, pepsin and bile salts
61
Q

What are the pharmacokinetics of anti-ulcers?

A
  • Excreted in urine and faeces

Pharmacology and Comp Therapies (14 decks)

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