Vaccinations Flashcards
vaccination
Utilizes two key elements of the adaptive immune
response, Specificity and Memory
what do memory cells do
allow the immune system to mount a
much stronger response to a second encounter with
an Ag. Faster and more effective.
what do vaccines contain
altered forms of a pathogen or its toxins which retain antigenicity but are innocuous. • Subunit •Killed whole organism •Attenuated live •Recombinate •DNA
bacterin
killed bacteria, leptospirosis
live bacterial vaccines
strep
toxoid
Inactiviated bacterial toxin, e.g.
Clostridium tetani
antitoxins
horse or sheep derived serum
tetanus
attenuated or modified live
whole organism
category I USDA classification
Vaccines that contain inactivated
recombinant organisms or purified
antigens derived from recombinant
organisms.
category II USDA classification
Vaccines containing live organisms that
contain gene deletions or heterologous
maker genes.
category III USDA classification
Vaccines that contain live expression
vectors expressing heterologous genes for
immunizing antigens or other stimulants
category IV USDA classification
Other genetically engineered vaccines
such as polynuceotide vaccines.
category 1
•Gene cloning can be used to produce large quantities of antigen in culture. •Felv and Lyme disease vaccines •Results in pure protein antigen but may be inefficient
category 2
•Molecular genetic techniques make it possible to
modify genes of organisms so they become
irreversibly attenuated. (so they can not revert to
virulence and cause disease.)
•Pseudorabies vaccine in pigs an example.
category 3
• Genes coding for protein antigens can be cloned directly into a
variety of organisms. The recombinant organism itself can be used as
a vaccine.
• Use of Canarypox-vectored vaccine can over ride the blocking by
maternal antibodies
• FeLV, West Nile, Canine parvo/distemper, equine influenza, and
rabies.
category 4
•Another method of vaccination involves injection,
not of a protein antigen, but of DNA that encodes
foreign antigens.
CMI
cell mediated immunity
t-cells
humoral immunity
b-cells
anitbody
MLV vs killed in vaccines
•MLV and genetically engineered vaccines • Long-lasting immunity •Complete immunity – Tc cells and B-cells •CMI and Humoral immunity • Stimulate memory with a single dose • Some lifelong (genetically engineered vaccines) •Require fewer revaccinations •Increase reaction issues •Revert to virulence
killed vaccines
• Short – lived systemic immunity • 2-4 months some longer 1-2 years • Stimulate primary B-cell => Ab (humoral immunity) but no CMI (T-cell) •Require multiple doses •Booster 2-6 weeks after 1st dose •May require annual revaccination throughout animal’s life •Revaccination = key to immunologic memory •Adjuvant – stimulate greater response •May cause adverse reactions •Injection site granulomas
safety of MLV
•Can induce disease (reversion to virulence)
•May cause abortion
•Depressed T-cell function in pregnant
animals
•Reason for development of gene vaccines.
safety of killed vaccines
- Does not cause disease
* Safe in pregnant animals
safety of live bacterial vaccines
- Can cause disease in humans
* Can cause abscesses without good technique
passive immunity
•Results from the transfer of Antibodies from one
individual to another
• Parenteral administration (hyperimmune serums or
antitoxins)
• Oral administration of monoclonal Ab
• Ingestion of Abs in colostrum by the neonate
• Plasma transfusion
• Level and duration of passive immunity is largely
dependent upon the amount of antibodies taken in
•Passive immunity is immediate where Abs are
administered IV/IM; Oral = 2-3 hours.
advantage of passive immunity
• Immediate protection against cell-free infections and toxins
disadvantage of passive immunity
• Short-lived
• Expensive (anti-ser/hyperimmune sera)
• Repeated use may lead to anaphylaxis (Immediate
Hypersensitivity)
• Only involved half the immune response (humoral or Ab)
active immunity
• Production of specific Abs by the host in response
to antigenic stimulation by the antigens in vaccines
from the antenuated pathogenic microorganisms
•Killed, attenuated, live, modified live vaccines are all
capable of conferring active immunity.
• Lag period of 3-10 days occurs between the initial
vaccination and the appearance of Abs in serum
•Genetic vaccines some are immediately protective.
vaccine failure
•Animal incubating disease already
• 7-14 days to respond to vaccine
• Stress-immunosuppression
•Ineffective vaccine
• Denatured by heat, UV light, improper administration
• State of animal at time of vaccination
• Neonate => maternal Ab interference
• Genetically engineered vaccines
• Pregnant animal => depressed T-cell function
• Immunosuppression => BVD virus, Se, Cu deficiency
• Older animal
•High dose infectious inoculum may overcome
immunity
•New infectious strain (vaccine not cross-protect);
influenza
•Vaccine did not stimulate the correct type of
immune response
• Organism vaccinated for might not be the problem
• B-cell =>Ab=>Extracellular organism
• T-cell => CMI and Ab => intercellular organism
vaccines are simply a?
management tool
vaccine schedule
• Should be individualized for the animal or group of animals involved •Prevalence of disease. • Exposure to disease •Management considerations
considerations before vaccination
- Quality of product being used
- Post-vaccination complications
- Pregnancy status
- Colostral interference
- State and federal regulations
- Serological testing
- Influence on regulatory serology
- Limited outbreaks; endemic disease
common vaccines for viral diseases
•Infectious bovine rhinothracheitis(IBR) – upper respiratory, abortion, etc. •Bovine parainfluenza (PI3) – respiratory disease •Bovine respiratory syncytial virus(BRSV) - respiratory disease, interstitial pneumonia Bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) •MLV and killed vaccines •Bovine rota and corona virus •Neonatal diarrhea •MLV and killed vaccines •PO to calf; IM to cow •Bovine papilloma virus •Warts •Questionable efficacy (killed vaccine) Rabies •Killed • Eastern/western encephalomyelitis • Vector born • Killed •Rhinopneumonitis • Respiratory, abortion, arteritis • Killed, special one for pregnant horses •Influenza • Respiratory • Killed and MLV •West nile virus • Two types • Killed and recombinant
bacterial diseases (common vaccines)
• Brucella abortus
• Abortion, chronic reproductive or mammary infection
• Zoonotic, undulant fever
• RB-51, live bacterial vaccine
• Must be administered by licensed and accredited Vet.
• Leptospirosis
• Many serovars
• In-apparent infection, abortion, febril disease, chronic renal failure
• Zoonotic
• Combined bacterins
•Colibacillosis
• E. coli K-99 pilous Ag.
• E. coli 0157:H7
•Diarrhea and/or systemic infection in neonates
•Bactrins to pregnant cows
•Genecol 99 => oral to calves (monoclonal
Ab)
•Clostridium spp.
•Bactrins, toxoids, bactrin-toxoids, antitoxins
•Pasteurellosis
• Shipping fever
•Bacterins, bacterins-toxins, antisera, and liveavirulent organism vaccines
•Haemophilus somnus
•Bactrins, combined or monovalent
•Campylobactor (vibrio) fetus spp. Venerealis
•Abortion
•Bacterins, prior to breeding, repeat annually
•Moraxella bovis
•Pink eye, (Infectious Keratoconjunctivitis)
•Killed, effecacy ?
•Anaplasma marginale
•Vector born hemoparasite
•Inactivated organism vaccine in endemic areas
• Streptococcus Equi (Strangles)
• Live vaccine
• Less post-vaccine reaction (IN form)
•Potomac horse fever
• Ehrlichia risticii
•Killed, vaccinate prior to greatest risk
• Equine protozoal myelitis (EPM)
•Killed
•Interfere with serologic testing.
companion animal
- DHLPP
- DAPPV
- Bordatella
- Rabies
- FVRCPC
- Feline Leukemia
- Lepto
- K-9 influenza
- Lyme disease
