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AVS 471 > Vaccinations > Flashcards

Vaccinations Flashcards

1
Q

vaccination

A

Utilizes two key elements of the adaptive immune

response, Specificity and Memory

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2
Q

what do memory cells do

A

allow the immune system to mount a
much stronger response to a second encounter with
an Ag. Faster and more effective.

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3
Q

what do vaccines contain

A 
altered forms of a pathogen or its
toxins which retain antigenicity but are innocuous.
• Subunit
•Killed whole organism
•Attenuated live
•Recombinate
•DNA
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4
Q

bacterin

A

killed bacteria, leptospirosis

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5
Q

live bacterial vaccines

A

strep

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6
Q

toxoid

A

Inactiviated bacterial toxin, e.g.

Clostridium tetani

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7
Q

antitoxins

A

horse or sheep derived serum

tetanus

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8
Q

attenuated or modified live

A

whole organism

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9
Q

category I USDA classification

A

Vaccines that contain inactivated
recombinant organisms or purified
antigens derived from recombinant
organisms.

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10
Q

category II USDA classification

A

Vaccines containing live organisms that
contain gene deletions or heterologous
maker genes.

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11
Q

category III USDA classification

A

Vaccines that contain live expression
vectors expressing heterologous genes for
immunizing antigens or other stimulants

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12
Q

category IV USDA classification

A

Other genetically engineered vaccines

such as polynuceotide vaccines.

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13
Q

category 1

A 
•Gene cloning can be used to produce
large quantities of antigen in culture.
•Felv and Lyme disease vaccines
•Results in pure protein antigen but may
be inefficient
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14
Q

category 2

A

•Molecular genetic techniques make it possible to
modify genes of organisms so they become
irreversibly attenuated. (so they can not revert to
virulence and cause disease.)
•Pseudorabies vaccine in pigs an example.

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15
Q

category 3

A

• Genes coding for protein antigens can be cloned directly into a
variety of organisms. The recombinant organism itself can be used as
a vaccine.
• Use of Canarypox-vectored vaccine can over ride the blocking by
maternal antibodies
• FeLV, West Nile, Canine parvo/distemper, equine influenza, and
rabies.

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16
Q

category 4

A

•Another method of vaccination involves injection,
not of a protein antigen, but of DNA that encodes
foreign antigens.

17
Q

CMI

A

cell mediated immunity

t-cells

18
Q

humoral immunity

A

b-cells

anitbody

19
Q

MLV vs killed in vaccines

A 
•MLV and genetically engineered vaccines
• Long-lasting immunity
•Complete immunity – Tc cells and B-cells
•CMI and Humoral immunity
• Stimulate memory with a single dose
• Some lifelong (genetically engineered
vaccines)
•Require fewer revaccinations
•Increase reaction issues
•Revert to virulence
20
Q

killed vaccines

A 
• Short – lived systemic immunity
• 2-4 months some longer 1-2 years
• Stimulate primary B-cell => Ab (humoral
immunity) but no CMI (T-cell)
•Require multiple doses
•Booster 2-6 weeks after 1st dose
•May require annual revaccination throughout
animal’s life
•Revaccination = key to immunologic memory
•Adjuvant – stimulate greater response
•May cause adverse reactions
•Injection site granulomas
21
Q

safety of MLV

A

•Can induce disease (reversion to virulence)
•May cause abortion
•Depressed T-cell function in pregnant
animals
•Reason for development of gene vaccines.

22
Q

safety of killed vaccines

A
  • Does not cause disease

* Safe in pregnant animals

23
Q

safety of live bacterial vaccines

A
  • Can cause disease in humans

* Can cause abscesses without good technique

24
Q

passive immunity

A

•Results from the transfer of Antibodies from one
individual to another
• Parenteral administration (hyperimmune serums or
antitoxins)
• Oral administration of monoclonal Ab
• Ingestion of Abs in colostrum by the neonate
• Plasma transfusion
• Level and duration of passive immunity is largely
dependent upon the amount of antibodies taken in
•Passive immunity is immediate where Abs are
administered IV/IM; Oral = 2-3 hours.

25
Q

advantage of passive immunity

A

• Immediate protection against cell-free infections and toxins

26
Q

disadvantage of passive immunity

A

• Short-lived
• Expensive (anti-ser/hyperimmune sera)
• Repeated use may lead to anaphylaxis (Immediate
Hypersensitivity)
• Only involved half the immune response (humoral or Ab)

27
Q

active immunity

A

• Production of specific Abs by the host in response
to antigenic stimulation by the antigens in vaccines
from the antenuated pathogenic microorganisms
•Killed, attenuated, live, modified live vaccines are all
capable of conferring active immunity.
• Lag period of 3-10 days occurs between the initial
vaccination and the appearance of Abs in serum
•Genetic vaccines some are immediately protective.

28
Q

vaccine failure

A

•Animal incubating disease already
• 7-14 days to respond to vaccine
• Stress-immunosuppression
•Ineffective vaccine
• Denatured by heat, UV light, improper administration
• State of animal at time of vaccination
• Neonate => maternal Ab interference
• Genetically engineered vaccines
• Pregnant animal => depressed T-cell function
• Immunosuppression => BVD virus, Se, Cu deficiency
• Older animal
•High dose infectious inoculum may overcome
immunity
•New infectious strain (vaccine not cross-protect);
influenza
•Vaccine did not stimulate the correct type of
immune response
• Organism vaccinated for might not be the problem
• B-cell =>Ab=>Extracellular organism
• T-cell => CMI and Ab => intercellular organism

29
Q

vaccines are simply a?

A

management tool

30
Q

vaccine schedule

A 
• Should be individualized for the animal or group of
animals involved
•Prevalence of disease.
• Exposure to disease
•Management considerations
31
Q

considerations before vaccination

A
  • Quality of product being used
  • Post-vaccination complications
  • Pregnancy status
  • Colostral interference
  • State and federal regulations
  • Serological testing
  • Influence on regulatory serology
  • Limited outbreaks; endemic disease
32
Q

common vaccines for viral diseases

A 
•Infectious bovine rhinothracheitis(IBR) – upper
respiratory, abortion, etc.
•Bovine parainfluenza (PI3) – respiratory disease
•Bovine respiratory syncytial virus(BRSV) -
respiratory disease, interstitial pneumonia
Bovine viral diarrhea (BVD)
   •MLV and killed vaccines
   •Bovine rota and corona virus
   •Neonatal diarrhea
   •MLV and killed vaccines
   •PO to calf; IM to cow
•Bovine papilloma virus
   •Warts
   •Questionable efficacy (killed vaccine)
Rabies
   •Killed
• Eastern/western encephalomyelitis
   • Vector born
   • Killed
•Rhinopneumonitis
   • Respiratory, abortion, arteritis
   • Killed, special one for pregnant horses
•Influenza
   • Respiratory
   • Killed and MLV
•West nile virus
   • Two types
   • Killed and recombinant
33
Q

bacterial diseases (common vaccines)

A

• Brucella abortus
• Abortion, chronic reproductive or mammary infection
• Zoonotic, undulant fever
• RB-51, live bacterial vaccine
• Must be administered by licensed and accredited Vet.
• Leptospirosis
• Many serovars
• In-apparent infection, abortion, febril disease, chronic renal failure
• Zoonotic
• Combined bacterins
•Colibacillosis
• E. coli K-99 pilous Ag.
• E. coli 0157:H7
•Diarrhea and/or systemic infection in neonates
•Bactrins to pregnant cows
•Genecol 99 => oral to calves (monoclonal
Ab)
•Clostridium spp.
•Bactrins, toxoids, bactrin-toxoids, antitoxins
•Pasteurellosis
• Shipping fever
•Bacterins, bacterins-toxins, antisera, and liveavirulent organism vaccines
•Haemophilus somnus
•Bactrins, combined or monovalent
•Campylobactor (vibrio) fetus spp. Venerealis
•Abortion
•Bacterins, prior to breeding, repeat annually
•Moraxella bovis
•Pink eye, (Infectious Keratoconjunctivitis)
•Killed, effecacy ?
•Anaplasma marginale
•Vector born hemoparasite
•Inactivated organism vaccine in endemic areas
• Streptococcus Equi (Strangles)
• Live vaccine
• Less post-vaccine reaction (IN form)
•Potomac horse fever
• Ehrlichia risticii
•Killed, vaccinate prior to greatest risk
• Equine protozoal myelitis (EPM)
•Killed
•Interfere with serologic testing.

34
Q

companion animal

A
  • DHLPP
  • DAPPV
  • Bordatella
  • Rabies
  • FVRCPC
  • Feline Leukemia
  • Lepto
  • K-9 influenza
  • Lyme disease

AVS 471 (9 decks)

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