Principles of Health Management

Question 1

Vectors

Answer 1

= an organism, typically a biting insect or tick, that
transmits a disease or parasite from one animal or plant to
another.

tick, mosquito, bat

Question 2

intermediate host

Answer 2

harbors pathogen for short transition

Question 3

latrogenic infection

Answer 3

Acquired through human intervention

Improper sterile technique; common needles

Question 4

nosocomial infection

Answer 4

hospital acquired

Question 5

horizonal transmission: direct

Answer 5

nose-nose, fecal-oral

Question 6

horizonal transmission: airborne

Answer 6

respiratory viruses

Question 7

horizonal transmission: indirect

Answer 7

parasites

Question 8

vertical transmission: animal-offspring

Answer 8

in utero, milk, or colustrum

Question 9

routes of infection

Answer 9

Alimentary
Respiratory
Urogenital
Anal
Skin
Conjunctival

Question 10

venereal transmission

Answer 10

sexual transmission

Question 11

excretions (transmission)

Answer 11

urine or feces

Question 12

secretions (transmission)

Answer 12

vaginal, rectal, nasal, ocular, mammary, salivary

Question 13

parasite transmission

Answer 13

internal/external

Question 14

contamination transmission

Answer 14

food, water, soil, environment

Question 15

aersol

Answer 15

sneezing, coughing

Question 16

animal transmission

Answer 16

bats, rabies

Question 17

animal reservoirs

Answer 17

BTV in cattle–> sheep

Question 18

insects (vectors)

Answer 18

BTV, EIA, Anaplasmosis

Question 19

fomites

Answer 19

clothing, instruments, halters, buckets

Question 20

blood contact

Answer 20

shared needles, tattoo applicators, animal fights

Question 21

epidemiology

Answer 21

Study of health and disease in populations.

Study of disease in its natural setting.

Question 22

Herd Health/Preventative Medicine

Combination of different types of epidemiology

Answer 22

Quantitative (Analytical; Data gathering; Statistics)
Ecological (Triad: Agent-Host-Environment)
Etiologic (causal relationships)
Clinical (disease symptoms)

Question 23

prevalence

Answer 23

proportion of animals with the

condition of interest at a given point in time.

Question 24

incidence

Answer 24

proportion of animals that develop
the condition of interest during a defined time
period. Number of new cases occurring in a
given time period.

Question 25

attack rate

Answer 25

proportion of animals that develop
the condition of interest during a defined time
period. Number of new cases occurring in a
given time period.

Question 26

relative risk (rr) (risk ratio)

Answer 26

• The probability of an event occurring in an exposed group to the
probability of the event occurring in a comparison, non-exposed
group.
• In the situation of health management we are interested in the
probability of disease development within an exposes group versus a
non-exposed group

Question 27

risk factors

Answer 27

Those factors associated with an
increased likelihood of a disease or accident
occurring.

Question 28

common risk factors

Answer 28

Age - neonates, pregnant animals
Stress - crowding
Housing - ventilation
Nutritional imbalances
Genetic
Co-mingling animal species with different inherent
disease susceptibilities

Question 29

disease prevention

Answer 29

• Cleaning and disinfection
• Biosecurity
• Immunology
• Nutrition
• Optimal management

Question 30

bacteriostat

Answer 30

inhibits or retards bacterial growth

Question 31

bacteriocide

Answer 31

kills bacteria

Question 32

virucide

Answer 32

kills viruses

Question 33

fungicide

Answer 33

kills fungi

Question 34

parasiticide

Answer 34

kills parasites

Question 35

disinfectant

Answer 35

germicidal chemical that destroys
microorganisms and the potential infectivity of a
material

Question 36

antiseptic

Answer 36

mild disinfectant used on living tissue

Question 37

santizer

Answer 37

disinfectant of low toxicity used to reduce microbial contamination of food handling equipment

Question 38

sterilize

Answer 38

destroy all microorganisms; physical disinfections

Question 39

types of disinfectants

Answer 39

 Phenolics (Lysol)
 Surface-active compounds (quartenary ammonium)
 Hypochlorites (e.g., Bleach)
 Halogens (e.g., Cl2, I2)
 Biguanides (e.g., Chlorhexidine)
 Alkylating agents (e.g., Formaldehyde)
 Alkalis
 Acids
 Alcohols
 Oxidizing Agents(Hydrogen peroxide)

Question 40

physical disinfection/sterilization

Answer 40

 Moist heat (boiling 10-15 minutes)
 Pasteurization (63oC for 30 minutes or 72oC for 15
seconds)
 Steam sterilization (121oC for 20 minutes @ 15 psi)
 Freezing
 UV radiation
 Ionizing radiation (X-rays, Gamma rays)
 Ultrasound
 Filtration/Ultrafiltration

Question 41

cleaning a building, cage, stall

Answer 41

Generally pathogen reduced by the
following:
90% physical cleaning
6-7% disinfection
1-2% fumigation

Question 42

phenolics

Answer 42

Lysol (phenol + ethanol)
Rapid kill
Works well in presence of organic matter
Bacteriocidal, Fungicidal, Virucidal
Tissue irritant
Odor taints food

Question 43

quarernary ammonium compounds

Answer 43

Roccal-D®
, Germx®
, Lysol 256®
Inactivated by organic matter and soaps
Good for instrument disinfection, but not animal
pens, buildings, etc.

Question 44

hypochlorites

Answer 44

Clorox®
(5.25% Na Hypochlorite)
Cheap
Active against most organisms
Short killing action

Question 45

halogens

Answer 45

Betadine®
, Weladol®
(“Tamed Iodines”)
Tincture of Iodine (7%)
Tamed products less skin irritating
Useful for skin antisepsis, but not for animal
environment
Inactivated by organic matter

Question 46

Biguanides

Answer 46

Nolvasan®
Virucide, Fungicide
Poor activity against some bacteria
Non-irritating
Active in organic matter
Skin and wound disinfection

Question 47

Formaldehyde

Answer 47

Good spectrum of activity
Potentially toxic/lethal
Fumigant
Nasal carcinogen