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AVS 471 > Therapeutics in Disease Management > Flashcards

Therapeutics in Disease Management Flashcards

1
Q

prescription drugs

A

anything with a label that states:

only use on approval by licensed veterinarian

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2
Q

over the counter drugs (OTC)

A

can be purchased and administered (according to label directions) without a prescription

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3
Q

AMDUCA

A

Animal Medicinal Drug Use Clarification Act

provides veterinarians acting within
a veterinarian-client-patient relationship (VCPR) with
greater prescribing and dispensing options so that
animals can receive the medications they need when
they need them. This is critical given the relatively few
numbers of drugs labeled for use in animals

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4
Q

ELDU

A

-guidelines for the Extra Label Drug Use

the term that describes
the use of an approved drug in a manner that differs
in any way from the drug’s approved labeling. This
includes deviations from FDA-approved labeling such
as using the drug in any of the following ways.

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5
Q

Important points

A

 ELDU permitted only under veterinary supervision
 ELDU for therapeutic purposes only
 ELDU is prohibited for drugs used in feed.
 ELDU cannot be applied to drugs used to
enhance production
 In a species not listed on the label
 For an indication not listed on the label
 At a different dose or frequency than listed on
the label
 Via a different route of administration than listed
on the labe

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6
Q

difference between previcox and equioxx

A

Previcox is a pill labeled for use in dogs, Equioxx is labeled for use in horses.

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7
Q

FARAD

A

Food Animal Residue Avoidance Databank

veterinarians who treat food animals with drugs
in an extralabel manner must use evidence
“…derived from food safety data or other
scientific information…” in order to determine an
appropriate withdrawal interval (WDI) that allows
for a conservative estimate of drug residue level
in edible animal tissues.

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8
Q

drugs prohibited for use in food producing animals

A 
Chloramphenicol Clenbuterol
Diethylstilbestrol
Pronidazole Dipyrone
Other Nitroimidazoles Furazolidones &
Nitrofurazone(except approved topicals)
Major vs minor food animal species
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9
Q

can you use sulfonamides in dairy cattle

A

Currently, use of
any sulfonamide other than SDM in dairy
cattle older than 20 months is illegal.
Additionally, extralabel use of SDM in
lactating dairy cattle is prohibited (for
example, use of a higher dose or slow-release
SDM boluses in dairy cattle is not permitted).

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10
Q

glycopeptide antibiotic

A

vancomycin- used for treatment of MRSA in humans and used in european feeds as a growth promoter.. no prohibited

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11
Q

which two drugs are not currently prohibited in dairy cattle but result in “debits”

A

dimethyl sulfoxide

collodial silver

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12
Q

VFD

A

veterinary feed directive

-Developed in response to microbial resistance issues associated with our livestock animals.
-Removal of OTC available
antibiotics. (medically important)
-Veterinary oversight of antibiotic use
in feed and water.
Documentation at the veterinary,
owner, and feed mill levels.

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13
Q

Beef/Dairy Quality Assurance

A

Prevent inappropriate:

  • Biologics
  • Therapeutics
  • Handling

Quality Assurance (goals)

  • residue avoidance
  • improve milk/meat quality
  • minimize injection size lesions
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14
Q

Dairy Quality Assurance

A

 Dairy Quality Assurance Handbook
 Voluntary use vs. mandatory use
 Some states offer incentives if a dairy goes
through the handbook on a voluntary basis
 Concepts very similar to BQA
 Additional measure beyond BQA include
residue avoidance in fluid milk, appropriate
storage of lactating and non-lactating cow
therapeutics, accordance with the
Pasteurized Milk Ordinance (PMO), etc.
 Dairy animals => meat processing.

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15
Q

National Cattleman’s Beef Association’s BQA- National Guidelines

A

 Feedstuffs
- Maintain records of any pesticide/herbicide
use on pasture or crops that could potentially
lead to violative residues in grazing cattle or
feedlot cattle.
- Adequate quality programs are in place for
incoming feedstuffs.
- Analyze suspect feedstuffs prior to use
- Ruminant-derived protein sources cannot be
fed (FDA)
- Feeding by-product ingredients should be
supported with science

Feed additives and medications: 
Only FDA approved medicated feed
additives will be used in rations
Medicated feed additives will be used in accordance with the FDA Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP)
regulations
Extra label use of feed additives is
illegal and strictly prohibited
VFD
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16
Q

extralabel use of medicated feed

A

AMDUCA specifically prohibits the “extralabel use of an approved new animal
drug or human drug in or on an animal feed.”

Withdrawal times must be strictly
adhered to
Complete records must be kept when formulating or feeding medicated feed rations
Records must be kept for a minimum of 2 years
Operator will assure that all additives are withdrawn at the proper time to
avoid violative residues

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17
Q

processing/treatment and records

A

Follow all FDA/USDA/EPA
guidelines for products used
Use all products as per label directions
Extra label drug use shall be kept to a minimum, and used only when prescribed by a veterinarian working under a Valid Veterinary
Client Patient Relationship (VCPR)
All cattle (fed and non-fed) shipped to
slaughter will be checked by appropriate
personnel to assure that animals that have been treated meet or exceed label or prescription withdrawal times for all animal health products administered.
All processing and treatment records should
be transferred with the cattle to next production level. Inform buyers of cattle which have not met their withdrawal time.

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18
Q

maintenance of treatment records

A 
Individual animal or group identification
Date treated
Product administered and
manufacturer’s lot and serial #
Dosage used
Route and location of administration
Earliest date animal will have cleared
withdrawal time
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19
Q

injectable animal health products

A

 Injectable animal health products
Products labeled for subcutaneous(SQ)
use should be administered ahead of the shoulder
All products labeled for intramuscular(IM) use shall be given in the neck region only.
All products cause tissue damage when injected IM, therefore IM usage should be
avoided.
Products cleared for SQ, IV or oral administration are recommended

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20
Q

where do you never inject?

A

the hindquarters

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21
Q

products with what size dosage are recommended?

A

low

no greater than 10 ml should be injected per IM injection site

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22
Q

correct needle size is important

A

SQ= 16 or 18 gauge
IM= 16 or 18 gauge
14 gauge is not recommended

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23
Q

why is 14 gauge not recommended?

A

increases tissue trauma

more likely to get drainage from the site

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24
Q

care and husbandry practices

A

All cattle will be
handled/transported in such a
manner as to minimize stress, injury and/or bruising.
Facilities should be inspected
regularly to ensure proper care and ease of handling
Strive to keep feed and water handling equipment clean.
Provide appropriate nutrition and feedstuffs management
Strive to maintain an environment
appropriate to the production
setting
Bio-security should be evaluated
Records should be kept for a minimum of 2 years (3 for restricted use pesticides).

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25
Q

handle vaccines and medications with care

A

 Store in refrigerator
 Don’t mix two different products in same
syringe
 Use separate needles for filling syringes and
injecting (minimizes product contamination
and maintains use of sharp needles)
 Sanitation is essential
 Disinfectant residues in syringes can inactivate MLV vaccines

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26
Q

antimocrobial therapy

A

Antimicrobial- kills microorganisms or
inhibits their multiplication/growth
Antibiotics – a chemical produced by a
microorganism that has the ability in dilute solutions to inhibit microbial growth or kill microorganisms

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27
Q

minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)

A

the lowest concentration of drug that inhibits bacterial growth (kills 99.9% of the bacteria)

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28
Q

bactericidal

A

an antibiotic have a MBC:MIC ratio < 4:6

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29
Q

bacteristatic

A

inhibits bacterial growth

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30
Q

post-antibiotic effect

A

persistence of anti- microbial activity after drug concentrations have fallen below MIC

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31
Q

pharmacokinetics

A

the study of absorption, distribution, biotransformation, and excretion of drugs

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32
Q

pharmacodynamics

A

the study of the effects of drugs, mechanism of

action (MOA), and concentration-effect relationships

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33
Q

MIC determination

A

 Measures the minimum concentration of
each antimicrobial agent
(microgram/ml) that is inhibitory for a given bacterial isolate.
 Dilutions of each antibiotic are incubated with a standard number of bacteria; bacterial growth is measured over time.
 Comparison of above concentration
with that achievable in tissue = susceptible or resistant.

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34
Q

Antimicrobial Sensitivity Testing

A

Agar Disk Diffusion

Kirby-Bauer Disk Diffusion Test
Meuller-Hinton Agar
Paper disk impregnated with antibiotic
Diameter of zone inhibition is measured and correlates to the MIC
Interpretation – not standardized for
veterinary medicine
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35
Q

problems with sensitivity testing

A

 Overestimates antimicrobial activity
in CSF, prostatic fluid and udder
 Underestimates antimicrobial activity
in topical treatments, local infusions, and urine
 Underestimates activity at
concentrations < MIC
 Assumes plasma and tissue concentrations are equal
Doesn’t assess combination therapy (synergistic effects)
Cannot assess local factors
that influence antimicrobial
activity

36
Q

inhibitors of cell wall synthesis

A

beta-lactam antibiotics

penicillins
cephalosporins

37
Q

benzylpenicillin

A

procaine pencillin G (PPG), benzathine penicillin, potassium penicillin

38
Q

aminopenicillins

A

ampicillin, amoxicillin

39
Q

anti-staphylococcal penicillins

A

cloxacillin (Dariclox)

40
Q

which generations of cephalosporins do we use

A

1st and 3rd generations

41
Q

inhibitors of protein synthesis

A 
aminoglycosides
tetracyclines
chloramohenicols
macrolides
lincosamides
sulfonamides
42
Q

inhibitors of nucleic acid synthesis

A

fluroquinolones (Baytril)

43
Q

penicillin use

A

many pyogenic infections in ruminants, camelids, and swine

44
Q

withdrawal time for penicillin

A

milk-120 hours, meat- 30 days

45
Q

uses for aminopenicillin

A

foot rot, shipping fever, mastitis

46
Q

withdrawal time for aminopenicillins

A

amoxi-inject: milk- 96 hours, meat: 25 days
polyflex: milk- 96 hours, meat- 6 days
amoxi-mast: milk- 60 hours, meat: 12 days

47
Q

cephalosporins (1st generation) uses

A

lactating and dry cow mastitis pathogens

48
Q

cephalosporins (1st generation) withdrawal time

A

Cefa-Lak, Today (milk
– 96 hrs., meat – 4 days), Cefa-Dri,
Tomorrow (milk – 72 hrs., meat – 42 days)

49
Q

cephalosporins (3rd generation) uses

A

shipping fever

50
Q

cephalosporins (3rd generation) withdrawal times

A

Naxcel (milk – 0
days, meat – 0 days), Excenel (
milk – 0 days, meat – 48 hours)

51
Q

dihydrostreptomycin uses

A

dry cow treatment

52
Q

dihydrostreptomycin withdrawal times

A

Quartmaster (Dry cows,

Meat 60 days)

53
Q

oxytetracycline uses

A

Shipping fever, Wooden Tongue, Pinkeye,
Foot Rot, Diphtheria, Bacterial enteritis,
Leptospirosis, Wound infections, Acute metritis

54
Q

oxytetracycline withdrawal times

A

LA-200 (milk – 96 hrs., meat –
28 days); varies according to formulation, dose
and route of administration.

55
Q

florfenicol uses

A

shipping fever

56
Q

forfenicol withdrawal times

A

Nu-Flor(meat 28-38
days) Not approved for use in lactating
dairy cattle

57
Q

erythromycin uses

A

lactating and dry cow mastitis pathogens;

metritis; foot rot; Pneumonia ( Shipping fever)

58
Q

erythromycin withdrawal times

A

Erythro-100,200(milk – 72 hrs., meat – cattle 14 days, sheep 3 days, swine 7
days); Erthro-36, Dry (milk – 36 hrs., meat – 14 days)

59
Q

tylosin uses

A

shipping fever Mycoplasma
pneumonia, foot rot diphtheria, metritis,
swine dysentery, Erysipelothrix

60
Q

tylosin withdrawal times

A

Not approved for use
in lactating dairy cattle; meat-cattle 21
days, Swine 14 days

61
Q

tilmicosin uses

A

shipping fever

62
Q

tilmicosin withdrawal times

A

Not approved for
use in lactating dairy cattle, meat – 28
days.

63
Q

lincocin uses

A

Swine – arthritis, Mycoplasma

pneumonia

64
Q

lincocin withdrawal times

A

slaughter 48 hours (swine)

65
Q

pirlimycin uses

A

gram positive mastitis pathogens

66
Q

pirlimycin withdrawal times

A

milk- 36 hours, meat- 28 days

67
Q

sulfadimethoxine uses

A

Foot Rot, Pneumonia, Corybacterium,

Salmonella

68
Q

sulfadimethoxine withdrawal times

A

Albon(milk – 60 hrs., meat – 7 days), Albon SR (not for use in lactating dairy
cattle; meat - 21 days)

69
Q

enrofloxacin uses

A

Only approved livestock use is for the treatment of pneumonia in cattle.

70
Q

enrofloxacin withdrawal time

A

not for use in lactating

or preruminant dairy calves, meat – 28 days.

71
Q

antimicrobial resistance

A

Emergence of resistant strains of bacteria is
a major potential public health risk.
Bacteria have two types of genetic
structure through which resistance can be
conferred
Chromosomes
Plasmids (extrachromosomal) (R-factors)

72
Q

chromosomes in antimicrobial resistance

A

-Depends on mutation of bacterial genes
-Antimicrobial compounds act as selective agents that
allow resistant mutants to emerge

73
Q

plasmids in antimicrobial resistance

A

-Acquired: Insert into bacterial genome
-Plasmids may contain 20 – 500 genes that carry
resistance to a number of antimicrobial agents (Multidrug Resistant strains.)

74
Q

three areas of concern for antimicrobial resistance

A

 Intestinal infections – reservoir of Rfactors may be carried by commensal
bacteria in the gut
 The use of low levels of antibiotics (e.g
feed additives, or improper dosing) may lead to a high occurrence of R-factors in
the bacterial population
 Indiscriminate use of
antibiotics=>eliminate effectiveness of antimicrobial substances in future

75
Q

principles of rational antimicrobial therapy

A 
Know your patient
Know the infection
Viruses don’t respond to antibiotics
Location – tissue perfusion,etc.
Culture and Sensitivity ( bacteria)
Remove the pathogen or source if possible
Select an appropriate
antimicrobial agent and dose regimen
Dose adequately
Maintain the dosage
Monitor treatment outcome
Recording keeping
Investigate therapeutic failures
Recognize and address adverse drug reactions
76
Q

inflammation

A

 Immune cells distributed throughout the body
 Need to focus the response to a specific site during
infection=>Inflammation

77
Q

three major events of inflammation

A

 Increased blood supply to infected region.
 Increased capillary permeability permitting larger than normal molecules to breach the vessel wall (soluble mediators e.g.complement)
 Leukocytes migrate out of venules into surrounding
tissue ( Diapedesis)
Neutrophils, Monocytes and Lymphocytes

78
Q

anti-inflammatories

A

glucocorticoids

non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents (nsaids)

79
Q

glucocorticoids uses

A

Treatment of edema, insect
bites/stings, nerve injury, ketosis, and aseptic
laminitis. Termination of pregnancy.

80
Q

glucocordicoid withdrawal time

A

none

81
Q

NSAIDs uses

A

Control of pyrexia
(fever) associated with bovine respiratory
disease and endotoxemia and for control
of inflammation associated with endotoxemia.

Banamine

82
Q

mechanisms of edema

A 
Increased Vascular
Permeability
Decreased Plasma Colloid
Oncotic Pressure
Increased Hydrostatic
Pressure
Decreased Lymphatic
Drainage
83
Q

diuretics uses

A

Treatment of udder edema;

Label – treatment not to exceed 48 hours post-partum

84
Q

diueretics uses withdrawal time

A

milk and meat 48 hours

85
Q

Thaizide/Glucocorticoid

Combination use

A

udder edema

withdrawal for milk in 72 hours

side effect- abortion

86
Q

other therapeutics

A 
Reproductive Drugs
Parasiticides
Sedatives, Anesthetics and Tranquilizers
Growth Promoting Hormones
Fluid therapy
87
Q

metaphylaxis

A

Term for the use of specific products (Mycotil,
tilmicosin) upon entry into feedlots
Data suggest beneficial effects (reduced
morbidity)
Administration on arrival (post shipment) was
superior to pre-shipment treatment*
More work…timing, other stresses, etc.

AVS 471 (9 decks)

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