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AVS 471 > Neonatology > Flashcards

Neonatology Flashcards

1
Q

beef calf mortality

A

Birth to Weaning – 6-8% average
57% in first 24 hours
75% in first 7 days

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2
Q

causes of beef calf mortality

A 
Dystocia – 17.5%
Stillbirth – 12.5 %
Hypothermia – 12.2%
Diarrhea – 11.5%
Respiratory – 7.6%
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3
Q

factors affecting the neonate

A
  • Proper fetal development
  • Successful parturition
  • Adaptation to Extrauterine life
  • Nutritional support
  • Colostrum and passive transfer
  • Infectious disease
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4
Q

oranogenesis

A

12-42 days

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5
Q

organ development

A

50-150 days

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6
Q

organ growth and maturation

A

last trimester

70% of birth weight

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7
Q

fetal membranes and fluids

A
  • Transfer oxygen and nutrients
  • Elimination of fetal wastes
  • Fetal protection
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8
Q

parturition

A

Severe stress w/ some oxygen deprivation
Adaptive mechanisms
Catecholamine surge
High serum cortisol
Point : Effects of catechalamines and cortisol can
mask conditions in neonate immediately
postpartum
Crashes – can and do occur a few hours later

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9
Q

extrauterine adaptation

A

Most fetal organs well developed by late gestation
Duration of transition varies for each organ system
Respiratory – immediate
Immune – weeks to months
Each neonate adapts at own rate depending on
vigor, strength, stress of parturition, maternal
support, environment
Fetal-> Neonatal blood circulation
Initiate pulmonary function
Regulate acid-base balance
Engage metabolic pathways for energy metabolism
Thermoregulation
Absorb maternal immunoglobulins
 passive transfer of immunity

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10
Q

fetal circulation

A 
Placenta
Umbilical vein
Ductus venosus
Ductus arteriosus
Foramen ovale
Pulmonary circulation
High pressure, low flow system
10% cardiac output
Umbilical arteries
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11
Q

cardiopulmonary changes at birth

A 
 Umbilical separation
 Aeration of lungs
 Low pressure, high flow
 Surfactant
 Laryngeal sphincter
 Closure of:
 Ductus venosus
 Ductus arteriosus
 Foramen ovale
 Pulmonary fluids
 Heart rate: 100-140/min (120)
 Respiratory Rate: 30-60/min(48)
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12
Q

initiation of spontaneous respiration

A

Loss if immersion reflex which inhibited breathing
in-utero
Respiratory centers of the medulla are stimulated
by cold, light, tactile sensations and flexion of limbs
Arterial pO2 and PH decrease, pCO2 rises and the
peripheral and central chemoreceptors are
maximally stimulated

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13
Q

pulmonary events associated with birth

A

Thoracic cavity compression in normal anterior
presentation
Partial expulsion of fluids from lungs
Elastic recoil of thoracic cavity after passage
through vagina causes aspiration of air into lungs
and upper airways
Diaphragmatic rhythmic contractions causing a
increasing negative intrathoracic pressure aiding in
further inflation of lungs
Absorption of lung fluids

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14
Q

causes of respiratory distress and acidosis

A 
Partial or premature placental separation
Prolonged uterine contractions
Umbilical cord compression
Maternal hyperventilation
Cesarean section/malpresentation
Pharmacologic agents
Immaturity
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15
Q

stimulating respiration

A 
Clear fetal membranes
Clear airway fluids
Suction vs. gravity
Stimulate breathing
Massage
Nasal stimulation
Artificial respiration
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16
Q

acid-base balance and energy metabolism

A

Transient mild metabolic acidosis and respiratory
acidosis following rupture of the umbilical cord.
Acid-base balance is usually normal prior to separation
After separation the acid-base changes are due to
anaerobic metabolism and establishing respiratory
function
Metabolic acidosis usually corrected by 1-4 hours post
birth
Respiratory acidosis often persists for 48 hours or longer

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17
Q

energy metabolism

A 
Energy sources:
Hepatic and other glycogen stores
Utilized within 4-6 hours
Brown adipose tissue
Utilized within 1-5 days
Nutrition of dam
Colostrum and milk
Required for survival
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18
Q

thermoregulation

A 
Environment
Moisture
Wind
Temperature
Maternal Behavior
Energy
Activity
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19
Q

hypothermia

A 
 Body Temp <98 F
 Suckle reflex
 Shivering?
 Energy – warm colostrum/milk
 Warm Calf/lamb
 Hot water bath vs. warm air
 Dry
Warm oral fluids
 Calf/lamb coats
 Heat lamps
Do not warm before administering an energy
source (i.p. dextrose or warm colostrum.)
Causes seizures
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20
Q

findings in neonates born in severe dystocia

A

Meconium staining
Severe metabolic acidosis/respiratory acidosis
Elevated circulating lactate levels
Organ system dysfunction/Neonatal asphyxia
Difficulty maintaining body temperature
Erratic blood glucose maintenance
Central nervous system damage
Neonates surviving these events may show an
increased risk of disease later in life.

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21
Q

successful parturition

A 
Health of Dam
Size of fetus
Presentation and posture
Anterior presentation
Posterior presentation
Assistance
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22
Q

stage one of parturition

A

Myometrial contractions
Positioning of fetus
Restlessness of mare

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23
Q

stage two of parturition

A

Rupture of chorioallantois

Delivery of fetus within 20 min.

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24
Q

stage 3 of parturition

A
  • Myometrial contractions continue

* Explusion of placenta

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25
Q

PE of neonatal foal

A 
Length of gestation
315-365 days
Time to stand
1 hour
Time to suckle
2 hours
Passage of the placenta
3 hours
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26
Q

post partum care- foals

A

Umbilicus
Allow to break naturally – 5 cm from body wall
Manually break if necessary
Never cut
Dip umbilicus- 0.5% chlorhexidine solution
Suckling behavior
Clean bedding
Wash udder and perineal area
20 ml/kg (2-4 liters)of good quality colostrum (sp.
Grav.>1.060)

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27
Q

FPT

A 
Premature lactation – twin
pregnancies, placentitis, premature
placental separation
Failure to ingest colostrum
Low IgG content of colostrum or failure
to produce colostrum – Fescue toxicosis
Poor absorption of IgG – Ill and
premature foals
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28
Q

neonatal maladjustment syndrome

A
  • Gross behavioral abnormalities
  • Multiple organ system dysfunction
  • Hypoxic-ischemic damage to the CNS
  • Dummy foal, barker, wanderer
Clinical presentation
Clinically normal from birth – 36 hrs
Sudden loss of suckle reflex
Weakness, disorientation, aimless wandering
Simi-comatose or seizing
Clinical course/Prognosis
Improvement by 48-72 hrs
Signs persisting for > 4 days – guarded prognosis
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29
Q

patent urachus

A 
Hospitalized debilitated neonates
Simultaneous infection of the
umbilicus (Navel Ill)
Foals straining to defecate
Treatment:
Cauterize
Surgical excision
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30
Q

neonatal isoerythrolysis (NI)

A

Mare produces antibodies against foal’s RBC’s
Antibodies ingested via colostrum
Etiology
Foal inherits blood group antigens from sire
History of blood transfusion
Aa/Qa negative mares most commonly affected
Antibodies not made during first pregnancy

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31
Q

NI clinical signs/diagnosis

A 
Foals born healthy
Signs develop at 24-36 hrs
Lethargy, weakness, pale membranes
Severe jaundice (icterus)
Diagnosis:
Cross match
Hemoglobinemia and hemoglobinuria ( intravascular
hemolysis)
Coomb’s test
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32
Q

NI treatment

A 
Minimize stress, restrict exercise
Intravenous fluids, diuresis
Broad spectrum antibiotics
Whole blood transfusion for severe anemia
(PCV 10-15%)
Restrict nursing
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33
Q

NI prognosis

A
  • Depends on quantity of antibody ingested
  • Rapidity of onset of signs
  • Degree of anemia
  • Prevention
  • Screening for anti-RBC antibodies
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34
Q

ruptured bladder (uroperitoneum)

A 
History
Commonly occurs during parturition
+/- history of dystocia
Male foals>female foals
Typically normal at birth
+/- straining to urinate
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35
Q

surgical treatment

A 
Post-operative care
Broad spectrum antibiotics
Urinary catheter
Prognosis
Good
Complicated by concurrent septic
36
Q

foal diarrhea

A

Causes
Bacteria – Clostridium sp. Salmonella, R equi
Foal heat
Viruses – Rotavirus
Paraites – Strongyloides westeri, S. vulgaris,
Cryptosporidium
Nutritional – lactase deficiency

37
Q

foal diarrhea therapy

A 
Fluid therapy – sodium containing fluids
Dextrose/potassium supplementation
Systemic antibiotics
Parenteral nutrition
Intestinal protectants – peptobismol
Anti-ulcer medications – preventative
Plasma/hetastarch – protein loss
Desitin ointment
38
Q

colic

A
  • Meconium impaction
  • Atresia (anus, colon)
  • SI intussusception
  • SI volvulus
  • Ascarid impaction
39
Q

colic treatment

A 
Warm soapy water enema
Acetylecysteine retention enema
Analgesics – banamine, ketoprofen
Mineral oil
Fluid therapy
trocarization
40
Q

gastroduodenal ulcers

A 
Gastric ulcers
Bruxism, decreased appetite
Occur in squamous non-glandular
portion of the stomach
Pyloric/duodenal ulcers
Impaired gastric emptying
Excess salivation, bruxism, dorsal recombancy.
41
Q

causes for ulcers

A

Multifactorial – stress, concurrent disease,

nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory therapy

42
Q

diagnosis of ulcers

A

Clinical signs
Endoscopy
Abdominal radiography with contrast

43
Q

ulcer treatment

A

Decrease acid secretion – Ranitidine,
cimetidene, omeprazole
Gastric protectants – Sucralfate
Promote gastric emptying - Metaclopramide

44
Q

botulism (shaker foal synfrome)

A

Clostridium botulinum
Clinical signs
Progressive muscular weakness
Toxin blocks acteylcholine release at the
presynaptic junction – neuromuscular weakness
Route of infection
Ingestion of organism which elaborates toxin

45
Q

clinical presentation of botulism

A 
>4 weeks of age
Progressive weakness to recombancy
Bright and alert
Milk dribbling from mouth/nostrils
Poor tongue, tail, and anal tone
Dilated pupils
Death due to respiratory paralysis
46
Q

treatment of botulism

A 
Antitoxin (specific for type involved)
Penicillin IV
Avoid IM penicillin, tetracycline's,
aminoglycosides
Indwelling nasogastric tube
Ventilator support
47
Q

prevention of botulism

A

vaccination with type B toxoid

Environmental?

48
Q

fetal immune system

A 
Development
50 to 180 days of gestation
Self recognition
Maturation
Functional at birth
Naïve
Less responsive
49
Q

passive immunity

A 
Colostrum
Last 4-6 weeks of gestation
Maternal Antibodies (IgG)
Energy rich
Requirements
Adequate Production
Adequate Intake
Adequate Absorption
50
Q

antibody/immunoglobulin five classes

A 
IgG
IgM
IgA
IgE
IgD
51
Q

IgG

A

most abundant, most prevalent in serum and

colostrum

52
Q

IgM

A

most efficient in neutralization of viruses and

toxins.

53
Q

IgA

A

secreted on mucosal surfaces of respiratory,
intestinal and genital tracts and is the primary
humoral defense in these tracts of the new born

54
Q

IgE

A

allergic reactions

55
Q

IgD

A

mice and humans

56
Q

adequate colostrum production

A
  • Beef vs. Dairy
  • Heifers vs. Cows
  • Vaccination
  • Nutrition
  • Full Gestation Length
  • Storage
57
Q

FPT

A

failure of passive transfer

58
Q

adequate colostrum intake

A
  • Beef colostrum: 1-2 quarts
  • Dairy colostrum: 4 quarts
  • Maternal behavior
  • Calf strength
  • Dummy calves
  • Nursing vs. tubing
59
Q

adequate colostrum absorption

A 
Open gut
First 6 to 12 hours
Decreased absorption
Hypoxia
Compromised circulation
Hypothermia
Competing proteins
Too late
60
Q

monitoring passive immunity

A 
Colostrum Quality
Calf Serum IgG
Total Protein (>5.5 mg/ml)
Precipitation tests
Association with Disease
Ig G status
Exposure
61
Q

total protein disease risk

A
  • TP>5.5 mg/ml = adequate
  • TP<5.0 mg/ml = Failure
  • Mortality Risk:
  • TP 6.0-6.5 = MR of 1
  • TP 5.5-6.0 = MR of 1.4
  • TP 5.0-5.5 = MR of 2.1
  • TP 4.5-5.0 = MR of3.3
  • TP < 4.5 = MR of 6.0
62
Q

colostrum supplements

A
  • Calf needs at least 100 grams IgG
  • Colostral Supplements < 10 grams
  • Compete with maternal IgG
  • Inadequate
  • Plasma
63
Q

colostrum storage

A 
Frozen Colostrum
6-12 months
Beef vs. Dairy
Concentration
Contamination
Thawing
Warm water – 110 F
Microwave – 60% power, in a time pinch, and
known good quality colostrum. Microwaves
will destroy immunoglobulins.
64
Q

neonatal infectious disease

A
  • Neonatal Septicemia
  • Calf Scours
  • Pneumonia
65
Q

physiological parameters

A
  • Temperature: 100-103 F
  • Heart rate : 100-140/min (120)
  • Respiratory rate : 30-60/min (48)
66
Q

neonatal septicemia

A

 Bacterial infection in the blood

67
Q

entry of septicemia

A

 Respiratory tract
 Intestinal tract
 umbilicus

68
Q

prevention of septicemia

A

 Colostrum
 Vigorous Calves
 Environment
 Dip naval

69
Q

symptoms of septicemia

A 
Clinical signs
Weakness
Decreased nursing
Scleral injection
Mucous membranes
Increase HR and RR
+/- Diarrhea
Fever is rare (subnormal temp)
70
Q

treatment of septicemia

A
  • Antibiotics
  • Anti-inflammatory drugs
  • Fluids
  • Plasma or blood transfusion
  • Nursing care
71
Q

calf/lamb scours

A 
Bacterial
E coli
salmonella
Viral
Coronavirus
Rotavirus
Protozoal
Cryptosporidium
Coccidia
72
Q

factors in scours

A
  • Environmental exposure
  • Inadequate colostrum
  • Dystocia
  • Poor nutrition of the dam
  • Health of dam
  • Mothering ability
73
Q

pathogenesis

A 
Secretory diarrhea
 E. coli
Malabsorptive diarrhea
Coronavirus and Rotavirus
Cryptosporidia
Osmotic diarrhea
Excessive milk
Maldigestion
74
Q

e coli

A 
Enterotoxigenic
Secretory
Other types
Invasive
Hemorrhagic
Pathogenic
Stable in environment
Susceptible to disinfectants
75
Q

rotavirus and coronavirus

A 
Infect intestinal epithelium
Destroy epithelial cells
Digestive function
Secretory function
Absorptive function
Moderately stable in environment
Susceptible to disinfectants
76
Q

salmonella

A
  • Colonize intestine
  • Destroy intestinal epithelium
  • Invade into tissues
  • Septicemia
  • Stable in environment
  • Susceptible to disinfectants
77
Q

cryptosporidium

A 
Invade into intestinal epithelium
Shed in high numbers
Immediately infective
Stable in environment
Resistant to disinfectants
Reservoir and sources
Rodents and wildlife
Infected calves to 4-6 months
Not adult cows
78
Q

calf scours- signs

A 
Diarrhea – white, yellow, red(blood)
Dehydration
Weakness
Decreased nursing
Increased HR and RR
Scleral injection
Mucous membranes
79
Q

scours treatment

A 
Maintain hydration status
Oral fluids
Sub Q fluids
IV fluids
How much fluids
% dehydration x body weight (kg)
Kilograms -> liters or quarts
80
Q

determining hydration status

A

1.Take the % dehydrated and multiply by the calf’s body
weight in kg.
2.For example, an 80 lb. (36 kg) calf is determined to be 9%
dehydrated.
.09 X 36 kg = 3.24 – This means that 3.24 liters of fluid (oral
electrolytes, SQ, or IV fluid) are required to replace what has
been lost.
3.After the initial calculated fluid dose is administered,
additional fluids can be given at a rate of 5 mL for every 2.2 lbs., every hour. In addition to the 5 mL/2.2 lbs/hour, an additional 1-4 liters each day may be required to keep up with continued fluid losses because of diarrhea, etc.
1 gallon = 3.7 liters and 1 kg =2.2lbs

81
Q

oral fluid treatment

A 
Can calf suckle?
Is calf <5% dehydrated?
Fluid choice
Commercial vs. home made
Alkalinizing vs. Non-alkalinizing
How much? How often? How long?
Two feedings -> feeding q 2 hours
Continue milk feeding? 30 min. apart. Do not
mix fluids with milk replacer.
82
Q

subcutaneous (SQ) fluid administration

A 
Calves 6-8% dehydrated
Warm fluids to body temp
Sterile isotonic fluid (0.9% saline)
No glucose in fluid
Administer skin areas of neck,
shoulder, and behind elbow.
500ml in one location, 2 liters total
4-6 hours to absorb
83
Q

intravenous (IV) fluid administration

A 
When dehydration > 8%
Sterile catheter
Bicarbonate/glucose may be needed
Two thirds of calculated amount given in
first hour. Give rest over 2-3 hour period
Additional 5 ml per 2.2lbs per hour
Additional 1-4 liters/day may be needed
due to fluid losses from diarrhea, etc.
84
Q

scours treamtent

A 
Antibiotics
Some calves are also septic
Look for signs of sepsis
Choice of antibiotic
Duration of treatment
Anti-inflammatory drug?
Severity
Ulcers
85
Q

vaccinations

A 
When?
What?
E. coli
Rotavirus and Coronavirus
Clostridium perfringens types C and D
4-way respiratory
MLV vs. killed vaccines
Calf vaccines
86
Q

managing calf scours

A 
Calve heifers in a separate location
Quarantine all calves with diarrhea and their dams
Nutrition of dams in late gestation
Protein
copper
Manage the environment

AVS 471 (9 decks)

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