Vaccination Flashcards

1
Q

What is passive immunity?

A

Transfer of active antibodies

humeral immunity

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2
Q

Does passive immunity give slow or fast protection?

A

Fast

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3
Q

How can antibodies be transferred in passive immunity?

A

Through placenta to foetus
Through colostrum
Artificially via oral medication or IV/IM

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4
Q

Vaccinations can involve artificial passive immunity. Where are the antibodies derived from?

A

Donor animals

Have high titres of a specific antibody

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5
Q

What are the limitations of giving artificial passive immunity in vaccinations?

A

Only relevant to disease that require humoral response for protection
Risk of hypersensitivity to IgG injections

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6
Q

What cells do cytotoxic T lymphocytes kill?

A

Virus infected cells
Cancer cells
Cells containing intracellular bacteria

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7
Q

What is active immunisation?

A

Immunisation with microbial products to induce long-term immunity and memory

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8
Q

Why are subcutaneous vaccines so useful?

A

Skin has Langerhans cells - monocyte derived epidermal cells
Langerhans are precursors of dendritic cells - capture and process antigens in skin
Travel in lymph nodes and effectively stimulate T cells

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9
Q

What is the main function of dendritic cells? (Part of immunity, not the same as dendrites!)

A

Process antigen material and present it on the surface to T-cells

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10
Q

Active immunisation can be systemic or mucosal (local). How may vaccines for mucosal/local infections be given?

A

Intranasally e.g. Bordatella bronchiseptica for kennel cough
Orally

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11
Q

Vaccines may contain adjuvants. What are these? Are they specific or non-specific?

A

Enhancers of immune response to non-living vaccines

Non-specific

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12
Q

How do adjuvants work to enhance immune response? (adjuvants in non-living vaccines only)

A

Slow release of vaccine antigens to enhance recognition and response

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13
Q

Give an example of an adjuvant used in vaccines

A

Magnesium salts

Aluminium salts

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14
Q

What are the differences between living and inactivated viruses in terms of adjuvants and cost?

A

Living - don’t need adjuvants, cheap

Inactivated - need adjuvants, more expensive

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15
Q

What type of vaccine (living or inactivated) is more likely to contain contaminating organisms?

A

Living vaccine - also more likely to cause disease through residual virulence

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16
Q

What type of vaccine (living or inactivated) is more likely to cause hypersensitivity reaction?

A

Inactivated vaccine

17
Q

What type of vaccine (living or inactivated) requires more than one inoculating dose?

A

Inactivated vaccine

18
Q

What are the advantages/disadvantages to dead vaccines?

A

Safer than living
Have to be administered more often
Need adjuvants for effective immunity

19
Q

What is used to cause the immune response in inactivated vaccines?

A

Killed organism
Inactivated toxins
Fragments of cells (e.g. part of cell wall)
DNA itself

20
Q

Why do live vaccines not cause disease?

A

They can sometimes!

They are attenuated = mutants selected that reduce virulence but retain antigenicity

21
Q

What is used to cause the immune response in live attenuated vaccines?

A
Inactivated organism (whole virus/bacteria - mutants)
Proteins/polypeptides derived from virus/bacteria
22
Q

What are the functions of vaccination?

A

Prevent disease

Stop shedding of infectious viruses

23
Q

What is herd immunity?

A

The indirect protection from infection, in a susceptible population
Brought about by the presence of immune individuals