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Immunology > Adverse immune reactions > Flashcards

Adverse immune reactions Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 types of adverse immune reaction (THAT)?

A

Tolerance
Hypersensitivity
Autoimmunity
Transplantation

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2
Q

What is tolerance? Why is an essential part of the bodies immunity?

A

Unresponsiveness to a particular antigen

Prevent immune reactivity to own tissues

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3
Q

Where can tolerance to self antigens take place?

A

Thymus and bone marrow?

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4
Q

What does the spleen do to prevent tolerance?

A

T-cells with high affinity for self-antigens deleted - however not all deleted, so some are auto reactive T cells

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5
Q

What does the bone marrow do to prevent tolerance?

A

Self reactive B cells removed

However not all removed - some go into circulation

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6
Q

What can induce autoimmunity?

A

Viruses
Immunoregulation deficiencies
Exposure of hidden antigens

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7
Q

What is autoimmunity?

A

Immune response against the organisms own healthy cells

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8
Q

Give 2 examples of autoimmune disease in dogs

A

Rheumatoid arthritis - immune complexes deposit in joints

Systemic lupus erythrematosus

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9
Q

Give examples of organ specific autoimmune diseases

A 
Myasthenia gravis (dog)
Autoimmune haemolytic anaemia (dog)
Anti-sperm antibodies
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10
Q

What is myasthenia graves?

A

Autoantibodies produced against acetylcholine receptor

Causes muscle wastage in dogs

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11
Q

What are the 4 types of hypersensitivity?

A

Type I - atopy (production of IgE to antigen)
Type II - antibodies bind to antigen on host cell
Type III - immune complexes form and deposit on tissues
Type IV - T cell mediated

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12
Q

Type I hypersensitivity includes specific allergic conditions. Give examples

A

Urticaria (skin rash)
Food allergy, milk allergy
Parasite allergy etc

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13
Q

How do allergens cause a type I hypersensitivity reaction?

A

Bind to IgE on mast cells

Cause production of histamine

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14
Q

How do type II hypersensitivities cause tissue damage?

A

Frustrated phagocytes

Complement activation

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15
Q

Give an example of a type II hypersensitivity in dogs

A

Canine autoimmune haemolytic anaemia (AIHA)

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16
Q

What are type III hypersensitivity reactions?

A

Immune complexes form/deposit on host tissues

Activate complement or trigger polymorphonuclears to release destructive enzymes

17
Q

Give an example of a type III hypersensitivity reaction

A

Glomerulonephritis

18
Q

What is a type IV hypersensitivity reaction? How does this differ to all the other hypersensitivities?

A

T cell mediated

No antibodies involved

19
Q

What is a practical use of type IV hypersensitivity reactions?

A

Skin testing for cattle TB

20
Q

What is transplant rejection? What causes this?

A

Rejection of foreign tissues
Differences in MHC 1 and 2 between host and donor
= recognise as foreign

21
Q

What 2 cells mediate transplant rejection?

A

Cytotoxic T cells

Macrophages

Immunology (16 decks)

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