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BIOLOGY - CELL STRUCTURE AND DIVISION > VACCINATION > Flashcards

VACCINATION Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is immunity

A

the ability of an organism to resist infection

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2
Q

What 2 forms can immunity take

A

passive or active

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3
Q

What is passive immunity

A

immunity that doesn’t require direct contact with the pathogen or its antigen

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4
Q

How is passive immunity produced

A

introduction of antibodies into individuals from an outside source

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5
Q

Is the lasting immunity with passive immunity and why

A

no, because the antibodies are not produced by the individual so the antibodies are not replaced when broken down & no memory cells are formed

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6
Q

What are 2 examples of passive immunity

A

anti-venom, immunity acquireed by the fetus when antibodies pass across placenta

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7
Q

What are the 2 forms of passive immunity

A

natural, artificial

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8
Q

What is natural passive immunity

A

when a baby becomes immune through antibodies recieved from mother via placenta and breast milk

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9
Q

What is artificial passive immunity

A

when you become immune after being injected with antibodies from someone else

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10
Q

What is active immunity

A

immunity you get when your immune system makes its own antibodies after being stimulated by an antigen

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11
Q

How is active immunity produced

A

stimulating the production of antibodies by the individuals own immune system

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12
Q

What is necessary for active immunity

A

direct contact with the pathogen or its antigen

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13
Q

Is active immunity long lasting

A

yes generally

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14
Q

What are the 2 types of active immunity

A

artificial and natural

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15
Q

What is natural active immunity

A

when an individual becomes infected with a disease under normal circumsances and the body produces its own antibodies

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16
Q

What is artificial active immunity

A

when an individual becomes immune to a disease through being given a vaccination to trigger a response by the immune system but the individual does not suffer symptoms

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17
Q

What is vaccination

A

the introduction of the appropriate disease antigens into the body via either injection or mouth

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18
Q

What do vaccinations contain

A

antigens that are either free or attached to a dead/attenuated pathogen

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19
Q

What does a vaccination lead to the production of

A

memory cells

20
Q

How much antigen is there in each vaccination and why

A

small amount, only small amount needed to trigger immune response & create memory cells, so saves money

21
Q

What is the material introduced within a vaccination called

A

vaccine

22
Q

What is herd immunity

A

when a sufficiently large proportion of the population has been vaccinated in order to make it difficult for the pathogen to spread

23
Q

What does attenuated mean

A

weakened

24
Q

What are the 2 methods of taking vaccinations

A

1) orally

2) injected

25
Q

What is a disadvantage of taking a vaccination orally

A

could be broken down by enzymes in the gut, ot the molecules of th evaccine could be too large to be absorbed into the blood

26
Q

Why are booster vaccines sometimes given

A

to ensure that memory cells are produced

27
Q

What is a vaccination used as

A

precautionary measure to prevent individuals contracting a disease

28
Q

What is a vaccination not used as

A

a cure for someone that already has the disease

29
Q

What does the success of a vaccination programme depend on (5 points)

A

1) suitable vaccine must be economically available in sufficient quantities
2) must be few side-effects, if any
3) means of producing, storing and transporting the vaccine must be available (hygenic conditions & refrigerated transport)
4) must be means of administering the vaccine properly at the appropriate time (staff must be trained with appropriate skills)
5) must be possible to vaccinate the vast majority of the vulnerable population to produce herd immunity

30
Q

Why must the vaccine be economically available in sufficient quantities to ensure the success of a vaccination

A

to immunise most of the vulnerable population

31
Q

Why must there be few side-effects, if any, to ensure the success of a vaccination

A

so that the population is not discouraged about getting vaccinated

32
Q

How does herd immunity work

A

pathogens pass between individuals when they come close together, so when lots of people are immune it is unlikely that an un-immune person will come in contact with the pathogen so are protected

33
Q

Why is herd immunity important

A

not all the population can be vaccinated (very young - immune systems are not fully functional, ill - could be dangerous to vaccinate)

34
Q

When is the best time to vaccinate to create herd immunity and why

A

at one time, so for a certain period there are very few people with disease so passing is interrupted

35
Q

What are the reasons for why vaccination may not eliminate a disease (6 points)

A

1) vaccination fails to create immunity in some people, e.g. those with defective immune systems
2) individuals may develop diseases immediately after vaccination but before immunity levels are high enough to prevent it, so may habour( keep) pathogen and pass to others
3) pathogen may mutate so its antigens change and are no longer recognised by the immune system (antigenic variability)
4) may be many varieties of a particular pathogen meaning it is impossible to develop a vaccine for them all
5) certain pathogens can ‘hide’ from the bodys immune system
6) individuals may have objections to vaccinations due to religious, ethical or medical reasons

36
Q

What is antigenic variability

A

the mutation of antigens on pathogens

37
Q

What does antigenic variability lead mean for vaccination

A

they do not work as the bodys immune system does not recognise the antigen so doesn’t produce antibodies

38
Q

What is an example of a virus that has lots of antigenic variability

A

influenza virus

39
Q

What is the immunity to influenze due to its antigenic variability

A

short-lived and individuals may develop repeated influenze during their lifetime

40
Q

What is an example of a pathogen that there are many varieties of and how many varieties are there

A

common cold virus, over 100 varieties

41
Q

How do certain pathogens ‘hide’ themselves

A

concealing themselves inside cells or living in places out of reach

42
Q

What is an example of a pathogen that ‘hides’ itself and where does it ‘hide’

A

cholera pathogen, hides in the intestines

43
Q

What is an example of a disease that people were against

A

MMR as concerns rose about the cause of autism by the vaccine

44
Q

What are ethical issues for vaccinations (7 points)

A

1) production of new vaccines often involves use of animals
2) vaccines have side effects that may cause long-term harm
3) trails with unknown health risks are done
4) should expensive vaccination programmes continue when a disease is almost eradicated even if it stops means less money for other diseases

45
Q

Compare active and passive immunity (4 points)

A

1) a=requires exposure to antigen, p=doesn’t
2) a=takes a while for protection to develop, p=protection is immediate
3) a=memory cells produced, p=no memory cells produced
4) a=protection is long term, p=protection is short term (antibodies broken down)

46
Q

What were the issues with the article published about MMR being linked to autism (4 points)

A

1) author of research had conflict of interests
2) further studies found no link
3) sample size was very small
4) journal declared that if it had known all the facts it would not have published it

47
Q

Why should all scientific evidence be treated with caution initially (5 points)

A

1) confirmation of a theory takes time
2) scientists may not be acting independantly so may be biased
3) scientists personal views may influence
4) headlines may be distorted for bias views
5) theories are being modified all the time

BIOLOGY - CELL STRUCTURE AND DIVISION (18 decks)

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