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BIOLOGY - CELL STRUCTURE AND DIVISION > EUKARYOTIC CELLS AND ORGANELLES > Flashcards

EUKARYOTIC CELLS AND ORGANELLES Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the ultrastructure of the cell

A

the internal structure of the cell that suits it for its job

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2
Q

What organelles are found within eukaryotic cells (11)

A

1) nucleus
2) mitochondria
3) chloroplast
4) endoplasmic reticulum
5) golgi apparatus
6) lysosomes
7) ribosomes
8) cell wall
9) vacuole
10) golgi vesicle
11) cell vacuole

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3
Q

What organisms are eukaryotic cells found in

A

animals, plants, fungi, algae

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4
Q

What organelle are found in animal cells (11 points)

A

1) plasma membrane
2) rough endoplasmic reticulum
3) nucleous
4) nucleus
5) smooth endoplasmic reticulum
6) lysosome
7) ribosome
8) golgi apparatus
9) cytoplam
10) nuclear envolope
11) mitochondria

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5
Q

What do plant cells have that animal cells dont

A

1) cellulose cell wall
2) plasmodesmata
3) vacuole
4) chloroplasts

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6
Q

What cells do algae cells have the same organelle as

A

plants

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7
Q

What are the differences between plant cells and fungal cells (2 points)

A

1) cell walls are made chitin

2) don’t have chloroplasys as they dont photosynthesise

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8
Q

What does the nucleus do

A

contains the organisms hereditary material & controls the cells activities

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9
Q

What 5 parts does the nucleus contain

A

1) nuclear envolope
2) nuclear pores
3) nucleoplasm
4) chromosomes
5) nucleolus

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10
Q

What is the nuclear envelope

A

double membrane that surrounds the nucleous

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11
Q

What does the nuclear envelope do

A

controls the entry and exit of materials in and out of the nucleus, contains the reactions taking place within

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12
Q

What do the nuclear pores allow

A

the passage of large molecules such as mRNA out of the nucleus

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13
Q

What is the nucleoplasm

A

granular, jelly-like material that makes up the bulk of the nucleus

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14
Q

What do chromosomes consist of

A

protein-bound linear DNA

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15
Q

What is the nucleolus

A

small spherical region within the nucleoplasm

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16
Q

What does the nucleolus do

A

manufactures ribosomal RNA and assembles the ribosomes

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17
Q

Is there more than 1 nucleolus in the nucleus

A

yes

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18
Q

What are the 3 functions of the nucleus

A

1) act as the control centre of the cell through production of mRNA and tRNA (so protein synthesis)
2) retain the genetic material of the cell in the form of DNA and chromosomes
3) manufacture ribosomal RNA and ribosomes

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19
Q

What is the average size of the nucleus

A

10-20 um

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20
Q

What is the usual shape of mitochondria

A

rod-shaped

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21
Q

What is the average size of mitochondria

A

1-10 um

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22
Q

What structures are mitochondria made up of (3 points)

A

1) double membrane
2) cristae
3) matrix

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23
Q

What does the double membrane of the mitochondria control

A

the entry and exit of material

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24
Q

What does the inner of the membranes of the double membrane fold to make

A

extensions called cristae

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25
Q

What are cristae

A

extensions of the inner membrane

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26
Q

What does the cristae do

A

provide a large surface area for the attachment of enxymes and other proteins involved in respirations

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27
Q

What does the matrix contain (4 points)

A

1) protein
2) lipids
3) ribosomes
4) DNA
5) enzymes involved in respiration

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28
Q

What does the matrix allow for the control of

A

production of some of their own proteins

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29
Q

What is the function of mitochondria

A

the sites of respiration

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30
Q

What molecule does mitochondria require & produce lots of

A

ATP

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31
Q

What are chloroplasts function

A

the organelles that carry out photosynthesis

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32
Q

What shape are chloroplasts usually

A

sphere

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33
Q

What are the main features of chloroplasts (3)

A

1) chloroplast envelope
2) grana
3) stroma

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34
Q

What is the chloroplast envelope structure

A

double membrane

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35
Q

What is the chloroplast envelope highly selective about

A

what enters and leaves the chloroplast

36
Q

What are the grana composed of

A

stacks of disc-like structures called thylakoids

37
Q

What can be found within the thylakoids

A

chorophyll

38
Q

What is chrolophyll

A

photosynthetuc pigment

39
Q

What occurs within the grana

A

the first stage of photosynthesis (light absorbtion)

40
Q

What is the stroma

A

fluid-filled matrix

41
Q

What occurs within the stroma

A

the second stage of photosynthesis (synthesis of sugars)

42
Q

How are chloroplast adapted to their function (3 points)

A

1) granal membranes provide a large SA: V ratio for the attachment of chlorophyll, electron carriers & enzymes
2) fluid of the stroma possesses all the enzymes needed to make sugars in second stage of photosynthesis
3) chloroplasts contain both DNA & ribosomes so they can quickly and easily manufacture proteins needed for photosynthesis

43
Q

How are grana linked to other grana

A

lamellae

44
Q

What are lamellae

A

thing, flat pieces of thylakoid membrane

45
Q

What is the singular for grana

A

granum

46
Q

What is the endoplasmic reticulum structure

A

system of sheet-like membranes

47
Q

What does the endoplasmic reticulum membranes enclose

A

cisternae

48
Q

What are cisternae

A

network of tubules and flattened sacs

49
Q

What are the 2 types of endoplasmic reticulum

A

1) smooth endoplasmic reticulum

2) rough endoplasmic reticulum

50
Q

What does the rough endoplasmic reticulum have present on the outer surface

A

ribosomes

51
Q

What are the 2 functions of the rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

1) provide a large surface area for the synthesis of proteins and glycoproteins
2) provide a pathway for the transport of materials (especially proteins) throughout cell

52
Q

What is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum more in appearance

A

tubular

53
Q

What does the smooth endoplasmic reticulum lack on the outer surface

A

ribosomes

54
Q

What are the 2 functions of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

1) synthesise, store and transport lipids

2) synthesise, store and transport carbohydrates

55
Q

Which cells have a lot of ER

A

liver and secretory

56
Q

What is the golgi apparatus structure

A

conposed of a stack of membranes that make up cristernae with small rounded hollow structures called vesicles

57
Q

What does the golgi apparatus function (5)

A

1) add carbohydrate to proteins to form glycoproteins
2) produce secretory enzymes such as those secreted by the pancreas
3) secrete carbohydrates such as those used in making cell walls in plants
4) transport, modify and store lipids
5) form lysosomes

58
Q

When are lysosomes formed

A

when the vesicles produced by the golgi apparatis contain enzymes such as proteases and lipases

59
Q

What are the functions of lysosomes (4)

A

1) hydrolyse material ingested by phagocytic cells (e.g white blood cells and bacteria)
2) release enzymes to outside of cell to destroy material around the cell
3) digest worn out organelles so the useful chemicals they are made out of can be re-used
4) completely break down cells after they have died

60
Q

What is the release of enzymes to the outside of the cell called

A

exocytosis

61
Q

What is the breakdown of cells after they have died called

A

autolysis

62
Q

What cells are abundant in lysosomes

A

epithelial and phagocytic cells

63
Q

What enzymes lysosomes contain

A

digestive enzymes called lysozymes

64
Q

What organelle does the golgi apparatus produce

A

golgi vesicle

65
Q

What is the function of the golgi vesicle

A

store lipids and proteins produced by the golgi apparatus and transport them out of the cell

66
Q

How many types of ribosome are there

A

2

67
Q

What are the type of ribosomes

A

1) 80S

2) 70S

68
Q

Where are 80S ribosomes found

A

in eukaryotic

69
Q

Where are 70S ribosomes found

A

in prokaryotic cells, mitochondria and chloroplast

70
Q

Which is the larger type of ribosome

A

80S

71
Q

What does the ribosomes contain

A

ribosomal RNA and protein

72
Q

What is the function of ribosomes

A

site of protein synthesis

73
Q

What is the cell wall composed of

A

microfibrils of the polysaccharide cellulose embedded into a matrix

74
Q

What makes the cell wall strong

A

the microfibrils of the cellulose

75
Q

What are the 2 features of the cell wall

A

1) consist of a number of polysaccharides

2) thin layer called the middle lamella

76
Q

What does the thin lamella mark

A

the boundary between adjacent cell walls and cements adjacent cells together

77
Q

What is the function of the cellulose cell wall (3 points)

A

1) provide structural support to stop the cell bursting under pressure of osmotic entry of water
2) give structural to the plant as a whole
3) allow water to pass along it and so contribute to the movement of water through the plant

78
Q

What are the cell walls of algae made up of

A

cellulose of glycoprotein ( or mixture)

79
Q

What are the cell walls of fungi made up of

A

mixture of chitin and glycan & glycoproteins

80
Q

What is chitin

A

nitrogen-containing polysaccharide

81
Q

What is the vacuole structure

A

fluid-filled sac bounded by a single membrane

82
Q

What is the single membrane surrounding the sac in a vacuole known as

A

tonoplast

83
Q

What are the functions of the vacuole (3 points)

A

1) support herbacceous plants & herbacceous parts of woody plants by making cells turgid
2) sugars and amino acids may act as a temporary food store
3) pigments may colour petals to attract pollinating insects

84
Q

What does the vacuole contain

A

cell sap

85
Q

What is cell sap

A

a weak sollution of sugar and solds

86
Q

How does the vacuole keep the cell turgid

A

maintains the pressure within the cell

BIOLOGY - CELL STRUCTURE AND DIVISION (18 decks)

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