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BIOLOGY - CELL STRUCTURE AND DIVISION > PROKARYOTIC CELLS AND VIRUSES > Flashcards

PROKARYOTIC CELLS AND VIRUSES Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 2 main types of cells

A

1) eukaryotic

2) prokaryotic

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2
Q

What organelle do prokaryotic cells lack

A

nucleus & nuclear envelope

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3
Q

What is an example of a prokaryotic cell

A

bacteria

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4
Q

What organelle do bacteria contain (5 points)

A

1) cell wall
2) capsule
3) cell surface membrane
4) circular DNA
5) plasmid

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5
Q

What organelle can prokaryotics contain

A

1) cytpolasm
2) plasma membrane
3) cell wall
4) capsule
5) plasmid
6) circular DNA
7) flagellum

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6
Q

What is the role of the cell wall

A

physcial barrier that excludes certain substances and protects against mechanical damage & osmotic lysis

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7
Q

What is the capsule made up of

A

secreted sline

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8
Q

What is the role of the capsule

A

protects from other cells and helps groups of bacteria to stick together for further protection

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9
Q

What is the cell wall made up of

A

murein

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10
Q

What is murein

A

glycoprotein

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11
Q

What is a glycoprotein

A

a protein with a carbohydrate attached

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12
Q

What is the role of the cell-surface (plasma) membrane

A

acts as a differentially permeabole layer which controls the entry and exit of chemicals

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13
Q

What is the plasma membrane made up of

A

lipids and proteins

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14
Q

What is the role of the circular DNA

A

possesses the genetic information for the replication of bacterial cells

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15
Q

What is a plasmid

A

small loop of DNA that aren’t part of the main circular DNA molecule

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16
Q

What do the plasmids contain

A

genes for things such as antibiotic resistance

17
Q

Are plasmids always present in prokaryotic cells

A

no

18
Q

Are prokaryotics limited to just one plasmid

A

no

19
Q

What is a flagellum

A

long, hair-like structure

20
Q

What is the role of the flagellum

A

for locomotion (to rotate to make the cell move)

21
Q

Are flagellum always present in prokaryotic cells

A

no

22
Q

Are prokaryotes limited to just one flagellum

A

no

23
Q

What does the cytoplasm contain

A

no membrane-bound organelle, only 70S ribosomes

24
Q

What part of prokaryotes are used as vectors in genetic engineering

A

plasmids

25
Q

What are vectors

A

carriers of genetic information

26
Q

What are virsuses

A

acellular, non-living particles of nucleic acids surrounded by protein

27
Q

Are viruses or bacteria smaller

A

viruses

28
Q

What do viruses contain and give examples

A

nucleic acids such DNA/RNA

29
Q

When can viruses duplicate

A

inside living host cells

30
Q

What is the nucleic acid within a virus contained in

A

capsid

31
Q

What is a capsid

A

protein coat that contains the nucleic acid

32
Q

What are some viruses further enclosed by and give and example of a virus that is

A

a lipid envelope, human immunodeficiency virus

33
Q

What is present if a lipid envelope is not present

A

attachment proteins

34
Q

What are attachment proteins vital for

A

allowing the virus to identify and attach to a host cell

35
Q

How do prokaryotic cells replicate

A

binary fission

36
Q

What occurs during binary fission

A

they cell replicates its genetic material before splitting into 2 daughter cells

37
Q

What is the process of binary fission (4 points)

A

1) circular DNA and plasmids replicate - main DNA loop only repeated once but plasmids can be repeated lots
2) cell gets bigger and the DNA loops move to opposite poles of the cell
3) cytoplasm beginds to divide and new cell walls begin to form
4) cytoplasm divides into 2 daughter cells that each have 1 copy of circular DNA & various number of plasmids

38
Q

What do virsus use replicate themselves

A

attacgment proteins to bind to complementary receptor protein on host cells

39
Q

How do viruses replicate themselves

A

inject their DNA or RNA into the host cell to cause the cells machinery to replicate the viruses particles

BIOLOGY - CELL STRUCTURE AND DIVISION (18 decks)

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