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BIOLOGY - CELL STRUCTURE AND DIVISION > THE IMMUNE SYSTEM > Flashcards

THE IMMUNE SYSTEM Flashcards

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1
Q

What is an infection

A

interaction between a pathogen and the bodys defence mechanisms

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2
Q

What is immunity

A

the body being bettwe prepared for a second infection fro the same pathogen

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3
Q

Who are more vulnerable to infection

A

ill, young and old

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4
Q

What are the 2 responses involving a lymphocyte

A

1) cell-mediated responses involving T lymphocytes

2) humoral responses involving B lymphocytes

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5
Q

What must the lymphocytes do in order to defend the body from invasion

A

recognise self cells and non-self cells

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6
Q

What are self cells

A

the boyds own cells and molecules

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7
Q

What are non-self cells

A

foreign cells and molecules

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8
Q

Why are proteins all different to each other

A

they each have a highly specific tertiary structure that varies for each protein

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9
Q

What does the body identify (4 points)

A

1) pathogens - e.g. HIV
2) non-self material - e.g. cells from other beings of the same species
3) toxins - including those produced by certain pathogens
4) abnormal body cells - e.g. cancer cells

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10
Q

What is the issue with transplants

A

the body recognises them as non-self and tries to destroy them

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11
Q

How can you limit this issue with transplants

A

donor tissues are matched as closely as possible to those of the recipient, and immunosuppressant drugs

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12
Q

What is the issue with immunosuppressant drugs

A

they are not protected from pathogens so can become ill

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13
Q

what are the 2 types of defence mechagnism

A

1) non-specific

2) specific

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14
Q

What is a non-specific defence mechanism

A

response is immediate and the same for all pathogens

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15
Q

What is a specific defence mechanism

A

response is slower and specific to each pathogen

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16
Q

What are the 2 types of non-specific defences

A

1) physical barrier - e.g. skin

2) phagocytosis

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17
Q

What are the 2 types of specific defences

A

1) cell-mediated response (T lymphocytes)

2) humoral response (B lymphocytes)

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18
Q

What do foreign antigens trigger

A

immune respons

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19
Q

What are antigens

A

molecules (usually proteins) that can generate an immune respone when detected by the body

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20
Q

Where are antigens usually found

A

on the surface of cells

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21
Q

What are antigens used by

A

the immune system

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22
Q

What are antigens used to indentify (4 points)

A

1) pathogens
2) abnormal body cells
3) toxins
4) cells from other individuals from the same species

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23
Q

What is a pathogen

A

disease causing microbe

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24
Q

What are examples of abnormal body cells

A

cancerous cells, pathogen-infected cells

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25
Q

What are abnormal body cells

A

cells that have abnormal antigens on their surface

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26
Q

What is a phagocyte

A

type of white blood cell that carries out phagocytosis

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27
Q

What is phagocytosis

A

engulfment of pathods

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28
Q

Where are phagocytes found

A

in the blood and tissues

29
Q

What are the 2 main types of white blood cell

A

lymphocyte and phagocyte

30
Q

How do lymphocytes recognise cells belonging to the body (6 points)

A

1) lymphocytes continuously colliding with other cells in the fetus
2) infection in the fetus is rare, so only collide with self cells
3) some lymphocytes have receptors that fit those of the own bodys cell
4) these either die or are suppressed
5) only the ones that fit & respons to non-self material are left
6) any lymphocytes that show an immune response to self-cells undergo apoptosis, leaving only those that respond to non-self

31
Q

What is apoptosis

A

programmed cell death

32
Q

What are the 4 main stages in the immune response

A

1) phagocytes engulf pathpoens
2) phagocytes activate T-cells
3) T-cells activate B-cells which divide into plasma cells
4) Plasma cells make more antibodies to a specific antigen

33
Q

What happens during the first stage of the immune response (5 steps)

A

1) phagocytes are attracted to the chemecial products of the pathogen causing it to move towards it
2) the several receptors on the cell-surface membrane of the phagocytes recognise and attach to the chemicals o the surface of the pathogen
3) the phagocytes engulf the pathogen to form a vesicle known as a phagosome
4) lysosomes within the phagocyte migrate towards the phagosyme and release their lysozymes into it, where it hydrolyses the cell walls of the pathogen and the soluble material from pathogen is then absorbed into the cytoplasm of phagocyte
5) the phagocyte presents the pathogens antigens to become an antigen presenting cell

34
Q

What is a phagosome

A

what is formed when the phagocyte engulfs the pathogen

35
Q

What is a lysozyme

A

enzyme that destroys ingested bacteria

36
Q

What does the phagocyte become an antigen-presenting cell

A

to activate other immune system cells

37
Q

What happens during the second step of the immune response

A

the receptor cells on the T-cell bind to the complementary antigens presented to it by the phagocytes which activates the helper T-cell, and then cytotoxic T-cells

38
Q

What are the 2 types of T-cell

A

helper T-cell (TH cells), cytotoxic T-cells (TC cells)

39
Q

What do T-helper cells do

A

release chemical signals that activate and stimulate phagocytes, cytotoxic T-cells and B-cells (B-lymphocyte)

40
Q

What do cytotoxic T-cells do

A

kill abnormal and foreign cells

41
Q

What are B-lymphocyte cells covered with

A

anitibodies

42
Q

What are antibodies

A

proteins that bind antigens to form an antigen-antibody complex

43
Q

What happens during the third step of the immune response

A

1) antibody on the surfect of the B-cell binds to a complementary shaped antigen
2) this activates the B-cell in process called clonal selection
3) activated B-cell divides into plasma cells

44
Q

Are plamsa cells identical to B-cells

A

yes

45
Q

What are plamsa cells to B cells

A

clones

46
Q

What do plasma cells excrete

A

monoclonal antibodies

47
Q

What are monnoclonal antibodies

A

antibodies specific to the antigen

48
Q

WHat do monoclonal antibodies do

A

bind to the antigens on the surface of the pathogen to form antigen-antibody complexes

49
Q

How many binding sites does an antibody have and what does this mean

A

2, so it can bind to 2 pathogens and force them to become clumped together in agglutination

50
Q

What is agglutination

A

when the pathogens become clumped together

51
Q

What does agglutination mean for the destruction of pathogens carrying the antigen

A

it is sped up

52
Q

What is involved in the cellular immune response

A

T-cells and other immune system cells they interact with

53
Q

What is involved in the humorak immune response

A

B-cells, clonal selection and the production of monoclonal antibodies

54
Q

What are the 2 types of immune response (times)

A

primary and secondary

55
Q

What is the primary response

A

when an antigen enters the body for the first time and activates the immune response

56
Q

Is the primary response fast or slow and why

A

slow , because there aren’t many B-cells that can bind to the antibody

57
Q

What happens during the primary response whilst the body produces enough of the right antibody to overcome the infection

A

show symptoms of the disease

58
Q

What do both T-cells and B-cells produce after being exposed to an antigen

A

memory cells

59
Q

What do memory cells do

A

remain in the body for a long time

60
Q

What do memory T-cells do

A

remember the specific antigen and recognise it second time round

61
Q

What do memory B-cells do

A

record the specific antibodies needed to bind to the antigen

62
Q

What does a person being immune mean

A

their immune system has the ability to respond quickly to a second infection

63
Q

What is the secondary response

A

if the same pathogen enters the body again the immune system will produce a quicker, stronger immune response

64
Q

What happens during the secondary response

A

1) clonal selection happens faster
2) memory B-cells are activated and divide into plasma cells that produce the right antibody to the antigen
3) memroy T-cells are activated and divide into the correct type of T-cells to kill the cell carrying the antigen

65
Q

Does the perosn show symptoms in a secondary response

A

no

66
Q

Which is the quicker response

A

secondary

67
Q

Which is the stronger immune response

A

secondary

68
Q

Which response do you show symptoms of the pathogen for

A

primary

BIOLOGY - CELL STRUCTURE AND DIVISION (18 decks)

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