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Biology Unit 2 > Vaccination > Flashcards

Vaccination Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two types of immunity?

A

Active and passive immunity.

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2
Q

What is passive immunity?

A

This is when antibodies are introduced to an individual from an outside source.

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3
Q

In passive immunity, when is immunity induced?

A

It is induced immediately.

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4
Q

Are the antibodies in passive immunity replaced?

A

No because they did not originally come from the body.

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5
Q

Are memory cells formed in passive immunity?

A

No

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6
Q

Give two examples of passive immunity?

A

Anti-venom for snake bites.

The foetus when antibodies pass across the placenta from the mother.

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7
Q

Does passive immunity last a long time?

A

No it doesn’t last long as the antibodies aren’t replaced when they are broken down.

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8
Q

What is active immunity?

A

This is where antibodies are stimulated to be produced by the body’s own immune system.

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9
Q

Is direct contact with the pathogen necessary for passive immunity?

A

No

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10
Q

Is direct contact with the pathogen required for active immunity?

A

Yes

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11
Q

Does active immunity develop straight away?

A

No, it takes time to develop.

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12
Q

How long does active immunity last for?

A

It is generally long lasting.

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13
Q

What are the two types of active immunity?

A

Natural active immunity

Artificial active immunity

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14
Q

What does natural active immunity result from? The

A

This results from an individual becoming infected with a disease under normal circumstances. The body produces its own antibodies and may continue to do so for many years.

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15
Q

What is artificial active immunity?

A

This forms the basis of vaccination (immunisation). It involves an immune response in an individual, without them suffering the symptoms of the disease.

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16
Q

What is vaccination?

A

This is the introduction of the appropriate disease antigens into the body to stimulate an immune response against a particular disease.

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17
Q

How are vaccinations given?

A

By injection or by mouth.

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18
Q

What is the material introduced called?

A

A vaccine.

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19
Q

What does the vaccine contain?

A

It contains one or more types of antigen from the pathogen.

20
Q

What do the antigens in the vaccine stimulate?

A

they stimulate the immune response.

21
Q

Why is the response to a vaccine only slight?

A

This is because only a small amount of antigen is introduced.

22
Q

What is the crucial factor of vaccination?

A

Memory cells are produced which remain in the blood and allow a greater, more immediate, response to a future infection with the pathogen.

23
Q

What is the overall result of a vaccination?

A

There is a rapid production of antibodies and the new infection is rapidly overcome before it can cause any harm with few, if any, symptoms.

24
Q

What type of measure is vaccination?

A

It is a precautionary measure.

25
Q

What makes a successful vaccination programme?

A

It is economically available in sufficient quantities to immunise most of the vulnerable population.
There must be few side effects otherwise people won’t want it.
A means of producing, storing and transporting the vaccine must be available.
There must be a means of administering the vaccine properly and at the right time.
It must be possible to vaccinate the vast majority of the vulnerable population.

26
Q

What does a means of producing, storing and transporting usually involve?

A

It usually involves technologically advanced equipment, hygienic conditions and refrigerated transport.

27
Q

What does the means of administering the vaccine often involve?

A

It often involves having trained staff with appropriate skills at different centres throughout the population.

28
Q

What is herd immunity?

A

This is when a sufficiently large proportion of the population has been vaccinated to make it difficult for a pathogen to spread within that population.

29
Q

How are those that have not been immunised still protected by herd immunity?

A

This is because it is highly unlikely that an infected individual will come into contact with a susceptible individual.

30
Q

Why is herd immunity important?

A

This is because it is never possible to vaccinate the whole population but even those that aren’t vaccinated are still protected.

31
Q

Why might a vaccination not eliminate a disease?

A

Vaccination may not produce immunity in some individuals.
Individuals may develop the disease immediately after the vaccination before their immunity levels are high enough.
The pathogen may mutate frequently.
There may be many varieties of the pathogen
Some pathogens “hide” from the body’s immune system.
Some people may not want vaccines.

32
Q

Why might people not get vaccinated?

A

For religious, ethical or medical reasons.

33
Q

What is antigenic variability?

A

This is where the pathogen mutates frequently and the new antigens on the pathogen are no longer recognised by the immune system.

34
Q

What are the ethical issues of vaccines?

A

Use of animals for production and development of vaccines.
Long-term side effects.
Risks in public health.
Where should the vaccination be trailed?
Should the vaccination be compulsory?
Should vaccination programmes include if the disease is almost eradicated?
How can the individual risks outweigh the global benefits?

35
Q

What type of measure is vaccination?

A

It is a precautionary measure.

36
Q

What makes a successful vaccination programme?

A

It is economically available in sufficient quantities to immunise most of the vulnerable population.
There must be few side effects otherwise people won’t want it.
A means of producing, storing and transporting the vaccine must be available.
There must be a means of administering the vaccine properly and at the right time.
It must be possible to vaccinate the vast majority of the vulnerable population.

37
Q

What does a means of producing, storing and transporting usually involve?

A

It usually involves technologically advanced equipment, hygienic conditions and refrigerated transport.

38
Q

What does the means of administering the vaccine often involve?

A

It often involves having trained staff with appropriate skills at different centres throughout the population.

39
Q

What is herd immunity?

A

This is when a sufficiently large proportion of the population has been vaccinated to make it difficult for a pathogen to spread within that population.

40
Q

How are those that have not been immunised still protected by herd immunity?

A

This is because it is highly unlikely that an infected individual will come into contact with a susceptible individual.

41
Q

Why is herd immunity important?

A

This is because it is never possible to vaccinate the whole population but even those that aren’t vaccinated are still protected.

42
Q

Why might a vaccination not eliminate a disease?

A

Vaccination may not produce immunity in some individuals.
Individuals may develop the disease immediately after the vaccination before their immunity levels are high enough.
The pathogen may mutate frequently.
There may be many varieties of the pathogen
Some pathogens “hide” from the body’s immune system.
Some people may not want vaccines.

43
Q

Why might people not get vaccinated?

A

For religious, ethical or medical reasons.

44
Q

What is antigenic variability?

A

This is where the pathogen mutates frequently and the new antigens on the pathogen are no longer recognised by the immune system.

45
Q

What are the ethical issues of vaccines?

A

Use of animals for production and development of vaccines.
Long-term side effects.
Risks in public health.
Where should the vaccination be trailed?
Should the vaccination be compulsory?
Should vaccination programmes include if the disease is almost eradicated?
How can the individual risks outweigh the global benefits?

Biology Unit 2 (14 decks)

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