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Biology Unit 2 > Mitosis > Flashcards

Mitosis Flashcards

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1
Q

In what two ways can cell division take place?

A

By mitosis or meiosis.

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2
Q

What does mitosis produce?

A

It produces two daughter cells that have the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell and each other.

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3
Q

What does meiosis produce?

A

This produces four daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell.

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4
Q

Explain the structure of a chromosome.

A

A diploid chromosome contains two chromatids which are joined in the centre by the centromere.

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5
Q

In mitosis do the daughter cells have the exact same copy of DNA as the parent cell?

A

Yes

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6
Q

Do the two daughter nuclei have the same genetic make up is the parent nucleus?

A

Yes, unless there has been a mutation but this is very rare.

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7
Q

What is interphase?

A

This is a period during which the cell is not dividing.

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8
Q

What are the five stages of the cell cycle?

A 
Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telephase and cytokinesis
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9
Q

In what stage do the chromosomes first become visible?

A

In prophase.

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10
Q

What happens to the chromosomes in prophase?

A

The chromosomes become visible, first as long thin threads before thickening and shortening.

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11
Q

What do animal cells contain?

A

To cylindrical organelles called centrioles, each of which move to the opposite ends of the cell in prophase.

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12
Q

What moves to opposite ends of the cell in prophase?

A

The centrioles.

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13
Q

Where do spindle fibres develop in prophase?

A

They develop from each of the centrioles.

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14
Q

Where do the spindle fibres span in prophase?

A

They span the cell from pole to pole.

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15
Q

What are the spindle fibres known collectively as in prophase?

A

There are collectively known as the spindle apparatus.

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16
Q

Do plant cells develop a spindle apparatus in prophase?

A

Despite not having centrioles, plant cells do develop a spindle apparatus, this suggests that centrioles are not essential to spindle fibre formation.

17
Q

What happens to the nucleolus and the nuclear envelope in prophase?

A

The nucleolus disappears and the nuclear envelope breaks down; this leaves the chromosomes free in the cytoplasm of the cell.

18
Q

What draws the chromosomes to the equator of the cell in prophase?

A

The chromosomes are drawn towards the equator of the cell by the spindle fibres which are attached to the to the centromere.

19
Q

What happens in metaphase?

A

The chromosomes seem to be made up of two chromatids each of which holds an identical copy of DNA from the parent cell. The chromosomes are joined by the centromere which is attached to some microtubules from the poles and the chromosomes are pulled along the spindle apparatus and arrange themselves across the equator of the cell.

20
Q

What happens to the centromeres in anaphase?

A

The centromere divides into two.

21
Q

What pulls the individual chromatids apart in anaphase?

A

The spindle fibres pull the individual chromatids apart.

22
Q

Where do the chromatids move to in anaphase and what are they now referred to as?

A

The chromatids move rapidly to their respective opposite poles of the cell and are then referred to as chromosomes.

23
Q

What provides the energy for anaphase?

A

Mitochondria

24
Q

Where did the mitochondria gather round during anaphase?

A

They gather around the spindle fibres.

25
Q

What happens if cells are treated with chemicals that destroy the spindle?

A

The chromosomes remain at the equator and are unable to reach the poles.

26
Q

What happens in telophase?

A

The chromosomes reach their respective poles and become longer and thinner, finally disappearing altogether, only leaving a widely spread chromatin. The spindle fibres disintegrate and the nuclear envelope and nucleolus re-form.

27
Q

What happens to the spindle fibres in telophase?

A

The spindle fibres disintegrate.

28
Q

What happens to the nuclear envelope and the nucleolus in telophase?

A

The nuclear envelope and nucleolus re-form.

29
Q

What happens in cytokinesis?

A

The cytoplasm divides.

30
Q

What is cell division in prokaryotic cells known as?

A

Binary fission

31
Q

What happens in binary fission?

A

The circular DNA molecule replicates and both copies attach to the cell membrane.
The plasmids also replicate.
The cell membrane begins to grow between the DNA molecules and begins to pinch inwards, dividing the cytoplasm into two.
A new cell wall forms between the two molecules of DNA, dividing the original cell into two identical daughter cells, each with a single copy of the circular DNA and a variable number of copies of the plasmids.

32
Q

Can viruses go through cell division?

A

No

33
Q

Why can’t viruses go under cell division?

A

This is because they are non-living.

34
Q

How do viruses replicate?

A

They attach to the host cell with the attachment proteins on their surface. They then inject the nucleic acid into the host cell. The genetic information on the injected viral nucleic acid then provides the “instructions” for the host cell’s metabolic processes to start producing the viral components, nucleic acid, enzymes and structural proteins, which are then assembled into new viruses.

35
Q

What 3 things is mitosis important for?

A

Growth
Repair
Reproduction

36
Q

How does mitosis aid growth?

A

When two haploid cells fuse together to form a diploid cell, it has all the genetic information needed to form the new organism. If the new organism is to resemble its parents, all the cells that grow from this original cell must be genetically identical. Mitosis ensures that this happens.

37
Q

How does mitosis aid repair?

A

If cells are damaged or die it is important that the new cells produced have an identical structure and function to the ones that have been lost.

38
Q

How does mitosis aid reproduction?

A

Single-celled organisms divide by mitosis to give two new organisms. Each new organism is genetically identical to the parent organism.

39
Q

Suggest an advantage and a disadvantage of having offspring that are genetically identical to their parents.

A

An advantage of this is that as the genetic make up of the parent has enabled it to survive and reproduce its offspring have the same genetic make up so they are also likely to survive and reproduce.
A disadvantage is that genetic variety is limited limited this means that if environmental conditions change the species may not have individuals with the necessary genes to survive in the new conditions and if it to fails to adapt it could become extinct.

Biology Unit 2 (14 decks)

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