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Microanatomy > V. Microanatomy of the Accessory Glands for the GI System > Flashcards

V. Microanatomy of the Accessory Glands for the GI System Flashcards

1
Q

List three organs with accessory glands, and are they endocrine or exocrine glands.

A

Liver, Pancrease, and Gall Bladder All are exocrine glands Liver and pancrease also have endocrine functions

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2
Q

Liver: Glandular Structure

A
  1. Each lobe of the liver is covered by serosa (visceral peritoneum) over a thin connective tissue capsule. 2. Connective tissue of the capsule continues into the parenchyma of the liver as interlobular connective tissue and surrounds individual liver lobules and supports vasculature and bile duct.
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3
Q

The parenchyma of the liver is composed of what?

A

Lobules of organized hepatocytes

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4
Q

Structural definition of a liver lobule

A

Hepatic Lobule

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5
Q

Distinction of hepatic lobules based on connective tissue

A
  1. Hexagonal in shape (6 sided) 2. Organized around a central vein 3. Three of the six corners contain portal areas 4. Portal areas contain: portal vein/venule, hepatic artery/arteriole, bile duct, lymphatic vessel, unmyelinated nerve fibers
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6
Q

What species have distinct hepatic lobules?

A

In most species, hepatic lobules are not distinct. An exception is porcine liver that has well developed interlobular connective tissue septa.

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7
Q

What is the largest gland in the body?

A

Liver, at 2-5% of the body weight of an animal

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8
Q

What kind of gland is the liver?

A

Compound tubular gland with both exocrine (bile) and endocrine functions.

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9
Q

Where does the liver sit within the abdominal cavity?

A

Situated between the GI tract and the caudal vena cava

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10
Q

Liver blood supply, where does it enter the liver

A

Dual blood supply: 1. Portal vein 2. Hepatic artery Enters liver parenchyma with connective tissue at a hilus on the visceral surface, the porta.

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11
Q

Portal vein is enriched with_______. Hepatic artery is enriched with _____.

A
  1. Portal vein is enriched with nutrients from small intestine. 2. Hepatic artery is enriched with oxygen.
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12
Q

Arterial blood supply

A

Hepatic artery –> interlobular arterioles of the portal area –> capillaries –> sinosoids

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13
Q

Which hepatocytes receive the most oxygen enriched blood, and which receive the least oxygen enriched blood.

A
  1. Most oxygen enriched blood provided to hepatocytes closest to portal areas. 2. Hepatocytes around the central vein receive the lowest oxygen enriched blood. 3. This is because blood flows from the portal areas to the central vein.
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14
Q

Venous blood supply

A

Portal vein –> interlobar veins –> interlobular portal veins –> distributing venules –> sinusoids (discontinuous capillaries, lined by porous endomthelium)

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15
Q

Which hepatocytes receive the most nutrient enriched blood and which receive the least.

A

Hepatocytes closest to portal areas receive the most nutrient enriched blood compared to hepatocytes around the central vein.

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16
Q

Venous drainage

A
  1. Sinosoids –> 2. Central vein –> 3. Sublobular, or intercalated veins –> 4. Collective veins –> 5. Hepatic vein –> 6. Caudal vena cava
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17
Q

Can there be cross sections of the hepatic vein within the portal areas?

A

No, based on the flow of the venous drainage, there cannot be cross sections of the hepatic vein within the portal areas. Any veins/venules within the portal areas are portal veins/venules that provide nutrients to the liver.

18
Q

Functional or metabolic definition of the liver lobule

A

Liver Acinus

19
Q

Liver acinus

A
  1. Centered around nutrient supply (distributing veins) 2. Diamond shaped 3. Central veins at two points, portal area at 2 points
20
Q

Liver Functions

A
  1. Excretion: waste products 2. Secretion: bile 3. Storage: lipids, vitamins A and B, glycogen 4. Synthesis: clotting factors and porteins, plasma proteins, sugars, lipids, urea 5. Phagocytosis 6. Detoxification 7. Conjugation: toxic substances, steroid hormones 8. Esterification: free fatty acids to triglycerides 9. Metabolism: protein, carb, fats, hemoglobin 10. Hemopoiesis in neonatal animals with only potential in adult
21
Q

All functions of the liver are carried out by what two cell types?

A

Hepatocytes and macrophages

22
Q

Characteristics of a hepatocyte

A
  1. Polyhedral in shape 2. Zonula occludens functions 3. Polyploid 4. Extensive SER and RER 5. Well developed golgi complex 6. Membrane invaginations (bile canliculi) 7. Hepatocytes arranged in laminae (sheets) with sinusoids contacting at least two sides.
23
Q

Define sinusoids

A

Sinusoids are discontinuous capillaries lined by endothelium.

24
Q

Define bile canaliculi

A

Canaliculi are invaginations of hepatocyte plasma membrane. They DO NOT have an epithelial lining.

25
Q

Flow of Bile

A

Bile canaliculi → Bile Ductule → Bile Ducts of Portal area (arrows) → Hepatic Duct → Gall Bladder

26
Q

Functional, exocrine definition of a liver lobule

A

Portal Lobule

27
Q

Portal Lobule

A
  1. Functional, exocrine definition and centered around bile ductule
  2. Traingular in shape
  3. Central veins at three corners
  4. Bile from three hepatic lobules drains into bild duct of one protal area
28
Q

Three definitions of a liver lobule

A
  1. Hepatic lobule
  2. Liver acinus
  3. Portal lobule
29
Q

Endothelial cells in the liver

A

Form sinuosoid wall, no basal lamina, rests on microvilli of hepatocyte

30
Q

Macrophages in Liver

A

Kupffer cells, stellate macrophages:

In sinuosid wall, monocytic

31
Q

Spaces of Disse

A

Arrow shows perisinusoidal space of Disse. Endothelial cells sit on microvillar processes of hepatocytes. Space is filled with plasma. Processes of Kupffer Cells extend into Space of Disse

32
Q

Functions of Gallbladder

A
  1. Stores bile made by the liver
  2. Concentrates the bile
  3. Releases bile when stimulated by cholecystokinin
33
Q

Which domestic species does not contain a gall bladder?

A

Equine

34
Q

Gallbladder: Structure

A
  1. Tunica mucosa: many plicae or folds, simple columnar epithelium, striated (microvilli), tight junctions between cells
  2. Lamina propria-submucosa (NO lamina muscularis): loose connective tissue, highly vascular, lymphatic tissue, simple tubuloalveolar gland in some species (ruminants)
  3. Tunica muscularis: smooth muscle, thin and mostly circular
  4. Tunica adventitia from side facing liver, Tunica serosa from side facing peritoneal cavity
35
Q

Pancreas

A
  1. Lobulated gland with thin connective tissue capsule that forms septa to separate lobules
  2. Endocrine gland produces hormones (insulin, glucagon, somatostatin)
  3. Exocrine gland produces digestive enzymes (amylase, proteases, lipases, nucleases)
36
Q

Another name of pancreatic islets, and definition

A

Islets of langerhans: regions of the pancreas that contain endocrine cells

37
Q

Exocrine Pancrease

A
  1. Compound tubuloacinar gland
  2. Ruminants tend to have mostly tubular units
  3. Acinar cells are serous (zymogen cells)
  4. Between the acinar cells are secretory canaliculi
  5. Centroacinar cells line the acinar lumen
  6. No myoepithelial cells around acinar units
38
Q

Pancreatic Duct System

A
  1. Lumen of acinus (small duct bounded by centraoacinar cells) –>
  2. Intercalated ducts (lining cells, low cuboidal)
  3. Intralobular ducts
  4. Interlobular ducts (low cuboidal eptiehlium WITH goblet cells)
  5. Pancreatic duct and accessory pancreatic duct
39
Q
A

Centroacinar cell

40
Q
A

Intercalated duct of pancreas

41
Q

Key features in distinguishing the salivary glands from pancreas

A

Mixed/Parotid Salivary Gland:

  • Parotid - all serous, mixed - mucoserous
  • NO centroacinar cells
  • Intercalated ducts AND striated ducts
  • NO pancreatic islets

Pancrease:

  • Serous secreting
  • Centroacinar cells are present
  • Inercalated and intralobular ducts but NO striated ducts
  • Pancreatic islets may be present

Microanatomy (13 decks)

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