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Microanatomy > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the vomeronasal organ

A

It is located along the base of the nasal septum and contains specialized receptors to detect pheromones. It is a way of communication between two animals of the same species.

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2
Q

Where does gas exchange occur?

A

Alveoli

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3
Q

Function of conducting airways?

A

to move air to and from alveoli

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4
Q

Conducting airways include:

A

Nasal cavity to the bronchioles

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5
Q

Function of alveoli:

A

To exchange oxygen and CO2 between blood and air; for acid-base balance; conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II

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6
Q

Describe the nasal diverticulum of the horse

A

It is a blind pouch of thin skin of the nasal vestibule

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7
Q

Nasal cavity proper contains

A

nasal conchae

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8
Q

What type of epithelium is located rostrally in the nasal vestibule?

A

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

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9
Q

What type of epithelium is located caudally in the nasal vestibule?

A

Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

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10
Q

What comprises the dermis of the nasal vestibule?

A

It is a typical dermis containing cells of loose connective tissue and serrous glands to produce a water product to moisten dry, inspired air.

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11
Q

Describe the tunica mucosa-submucosa of the nasal cavity proper

A

Composed of ciliated, psuedostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells. The lamina propria - sbmucosa is very vascular and contains seromucous glands.

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12
Q

Why is the lamina propria submucosa of the nasal cavity vascular?

A

to warm inspired air

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13
Q

What are the function of seromucous glands in the lamina propria - submucosa?

A

to produce a layer of fluid under a layer of mucous in order to move the layer of mucous out of the body.

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14
Q

Describe the Olfactory tunica mucosa

A

It covers the ethmoid conchae and the olfactory epithelium consists of ciliated, psuedostratified columnar epithelium . The lamina propria - submucosa contains serous glands to keep the surface moist and nonmyelinated nerve fibers.

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15
Q

Serous glands in the olfactory tunica mucosa are also called _____.

A

Oflcatory glands to wash old molecules away so new smells can be detected.

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16
Q

Olfactory nerve consists of _____.

A

Bundles of cranial nerve I.

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17
Q

Basal cells or respiratory epithelium

A

Function to multiply and replace other cell types.

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18
Q

Ciliated cells of respiratory eptiehlium

A

move layer of fluid containing mucous trapped debris and also contain microvilli for absorption

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19
Q

Brush cells of respiratory epithelium:

A

short microvilli, wide and flat; function is not known for sure, but could be as sensory receptors for trigeminal nerves

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20
Q

Unnamed cell in the respiratory epithelium

A

can only be seen by electron microscopy, it is a cell that metabolizes xenobiotic compounds (compounds foreign to the body).

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21
Q

What organelle is most abundant in the unnamed cell in the respiratory epithelium?

A

Smooth ER for detoxification

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22
Q

List the three cell types of the olfactory epithelium:

A
  1. Basal cells (similar to respiratory epithelium as far as having main function to multiply and replace other cell types)
  2. Neurosensory cells - bipolar neurons of olfactory nerve (cranial nerve I)
  3. Sustentacular cells - dark nuclei, support bipolar neurons
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23
Q

Are neurons in the olfactory epithelium able to replicate?

A

Yes, bipolar neurons of the olfactory nerve can be produced later on in life.

24
Q

List three parts of the trachea:

A

Cervical part, thoracic part, and bifurcates into two primary bronchi

25
Q

What is the carina?

A

ridge of cartilage at the bifurcation of the trachea. It projects internally between the two primary bronchii.

26
Q

List the bronchial tree in order, starting at the bifurcation of the trachea:

A
  1. Primary bronchia
  2. Lobar bronchi (one for each lobe)
  3. Segemental bronchi (regions of a lung lobe)
  4. Bronchi (within the regions of the long lobe)
27
Q

List the three tunics to the trachea:

A
  1. T. Mucosa - submucosa
  2. T. musculocartilaginae
  3. T. adventitia
28
Q

Describe the respiratory epithelium of the T. mucosa-submucosa:

A

Typical cell types including basal cells, ciliated cells, goblet cells, and brush cells. Also includes neuroendocrine cells that produce peptides and clara cells.

29
Q

Describe the lamina propria - submucosa of the T. mucosa-submucosa of the trachea

A

Contains numerous elastic fibers that are longitudinally oriented and seromucous glands to produce layer of fluid underneath a layer of mucous so cilia can push the mucous out.

30
Q

Describe the T. musculocartilaginea of the trachea:

A

contains tracheal cartilages consisting of hyaline that are either C or U shaped and are incomplete dorsally. Also contains trachealis muscle that is smooth muscle and attaches to ends of the cartilages.

31
Q

Describe the T. adventitia of the trachea:

A

Consists of dense irregular connective tissue and blends with surrounding connective tissue.

32
Q

What are the bundles of axons in the T. adventitia of the trachea?

A

The recurrent laryngeal N.

33
Q

What is the only difference between the tunics of the trachea and the bronchi?

A

Bronchial cartilages aren’t as large and organized as it is in the trachea and the bronchi have a layer of circular smooth muscle that is discontinous but forms a complete cicular layer (vs C shaped in the trachea)

34
Q

As bronchi get smaller cartilages get ___.

A

Smaller

35
Q

As bronchi get smaller, thickness of smooth muscle layer ____.

A

increases

36
Q

List the four components of the lung:

A

Bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, pulmonary pelura

37
Q

What is the pulmonary pelura?

A

A vsiceral pleura/serous membrane around the lung lobes.

38
Q

What consists of the intrapulmonary conducting airways?

A

Bronchia and bronchioles

39
Q

What is the lung parenchyma?

A

Alveoli (No glands are present at the alveoli even though they are referred to as the lung parenchyma)

40
Q

As bronchi get smaller number of seromucous (bronchial) glands ____ .

A

Decrease

41
Q

Structure of bronchioles:

A

Simple columnar to cuboidal epithelium; smooth muscle is present; NO cartilage and NO glands.

42
Q

Why can certain diseases manifest in the bronchioles?

A

Because the bronchioles have smooth muscle, but no cartilage, diseases can stimulate smooth muscle to constrict without any support from cartilage. This results in the bronchioles closing up almost completely causing difficulty in breathing (heaves in horses).

43
Q

What is a terminal bronchiole?

A

It is the most distal purely conducting airway - the last airway before you start to see alveoli.

44
Q

What lines the epithelium of a terminal bronchiole?

A

Ciliated simple cuboidal cells with no glands and clara cells

45
Q

Why is the eptithelium ciliated in a terminal bronchiole even though we don’t have any glands?

A

Some of the muco-serous layer may have gone lower down in the airway and you don’t want these granular secretions in the alveoli so we still need a way to push this out.

46
Q

What are clara cells

A

They are bronchiolar exocrine cells that secrete glycoprotein and metabolize xenobiotic compounds.

47
Q

What intracellular organ is most abundant in clara cells?

A

smooth endoplasmic reticulum for detoxification

48
Q

Do respiratory bronchioles have alveoli?

A

Yes, they have occasional interruptions of alveioli.

49
Q

Repiratory bronchiole branches into ____ .

A

Alveolar ducts, which is a passageway lined exclusively with alveoli

50
Q

Alveolar ducts branch into ____ .

A

Alveolar sacs

51
Q

What are alveolar sacs?

A

Terminal, grape-like clusters of alveoli.

52
Q

What is the structure of the alveolus?

A

The lumen, interalveolar septa (walls of alveoli), and alveolar epithelium

53
Q

Interalveolar septa is covered by _____ and ______ .

A

Capillaries and elastic fiebrs to make respiration a passive process so you don’t use ATP via muscular processes and eptiehlium located between pulmonary capillaries and alveolar air space.

54
Q

List the three cell types found in alveolar epithelium:

A
  1. Type I cells - simple squamous epithlium resint on continuous basement membrane
  2. Type II cells - cuboidal, produce surfactant
  3. Alveolar macrophages
55
Q

What are the function of type II cells in the alveolar epithelium?

A

To produce surfactant, a pshopholipid that reduces the work of breathing by reducing the surface tension of fluids on the alveolis.

56
Q

Alveolar macrophages are part of what system?

A

Monocyte-macrophage system, also known as reticuloendothelial system in some textbooks.

57
Q

What comprises the blood-air barrier in the alveolus?

A

Capillary endothelium, basement membrane that is fused, and type I cells

Microanatomy (13 decks)

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