Uworldqs Flashcards
ACh Toxication
Cause: AChEi (esp organophosphate pesticide)
SLUDGEBB
Salivation
Lacrimation
Urination
Diaphoresis
GI: diarrhea
Emesis
Bradycardia *
Bronchodilation
tx:
-atropine (block muscarinic R)
-Pralidoxime (nicotinic R- skeletal muscles)Prospective Cohort study
Follows subjs w/o a dz who are exposed to RFs –> monitored for subsequent development of dz
Case Control Study
Subjs have dz & investigates their exposures compared to ppl w/o dz
Analysis: odds ratio
ex) pts w & w/o lung cancer are asked about exposures to possible carcinogens
Cross-sectional study
Looks for dz & exposures @ a single pt in time
ex) populational data- gathing that concludes that a country has a high level of atherosclerotic dz & high level of saturated fat consumption
Cross Over Study
Participates enroll in either a placebo or tx grp then switch after a period of time
Zero-order elimination
[Drug] decreases linearly w/time- constant rate
So, @ each time segment, decreases same amt
Rate of elimination=(change in plasma concentration)/(time)
Drugs: (Zero PEAs for me)
-Phenytoin
-Ethanol
-ASA
Wallenberg’s Syndrome
Lateral medullary lesion
(most common brain stem stroke)
Cause:
Vertebral a
PICA
Damage to:
AL/ST: contralateral loss of pain/temp
Trigeminal nuc: loss of pain/temp in ipsilateral face
ICP: ipsilateral ataxia, falling
Nuc Ambiguus: Horseness, dysphagia
Nuc Solitarius: ipsilateral decreased taste
Naegleria Fowleri
- ameobas in freshwater lakes
- enter via criibriform plate
- causes rapidly progressing meningoencephalitis
- nausea, vomiting, irrational behavior
- tx: amphotericin B
Arginine: precursor of
Arginine –> creatine, urea, NO
Histidine: precursor of
Histidine –> histamine
Phenylalanine
Phenylalanine–>tyrosine, DA, NE, Epi
Tyrosine
Tyrosine –> DA, NE, epi
Tryptophan
Tryptophan --> VitB3 (Niacin)
-grains, cereal, milk, lean meats
Niacin:
-Cell fxn
-metabolism
Deficiency:
- Pellagra
- 4 D’s:
- Dermatitis
- Diarrhea
- Dementia –> death
- “Big D” (thickened skin)
Cluster headaches
Symp
- lacrimation
- conjunctival injection
- ptosis
- nasal congestion
Trigeminal n foramina
Standing Room Only (SRO)
Sup. orbital fissure (V1: forehead)
Rotundum (V2: mid-face)
Ovale (V3: jaw)
Erection/Ejaculation
Erection:
-parasymp (S2-4)
-Relax vascular smooth m, compress tunical v
-also responsible for anal & peepee sensation
Ejaculation/Emission
-hypogastric n (T1-L2)
CYP inducers
PPCREST Phenobarbital (all Barbs) Phenytoin (VG-Na blocker) Carbamazepine (VG-Na blocker, GABA R agonist) Rifampin (antibiotic) Etoh (chronic-before liver damage) St. John's Wort Tobacco
CYP450 Inhibitors
VICK'S FACE All Over GQ stops ladies in their tracks Valproate Isoniazid Cimetidine (antihistamine/antacid) Ketoconazole Sulfonamides
Fluconazole
Alcohol (acute)
Chloramphenicol
Erythromycin (Macrolides except azithromycin)
Amiodarone
Omeprazole (proton pump inhibitor)
Grapefruit Juice
Quinidine
Sulfonamides Ciprofloxacin Metronidazole Fluoexetine (SSRI) HIV protease
Otitis Externa
-Cause:
-typically after swimming
1. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
2. Staph epidermidis
Presentation:
-unilateral ext ear pain & redness
Mallory bodies
=hyaline bodies
- accumulation of eosinophilic material in cytoplasm of damaged hepatic cells
- asc: alcoholic hepatitis (+fatty change, cirrhosis)
Cowdry A inclusion bodies
- pathology sign
- Herpes zoster skin rashes
- intranuclear eosdinophilic inclusions + clear halo
Cabot Ring bodies
-ring shape structures in RBC in megaloblastic anemia
Auer bodies/rods
- rod shaped bodies in myeloid cells
- Fused lysosomes
- Dz:
- Acute PML (promyelocytic leukemia)
Olfactory N exits via
Cribriform plate
Optic n exits via
optic canal
Nerves thru superior orbital fissure
Ch3, 4, 6, V1 of Facial n
Oculomotor, trochlear, abducens
Trigeminal n exits via
V1: Superior Orbital fissure
V2: Foramen rotundum
V3: foramen ovale
CN 7 Facial n exits via
Int. Auditory meatus
Cn 8 vestibulocochlear n exits via
int. auditory meatus
CN 9, 10, 11 exit via
Jugular foramen
Cn 12 hypoglossal n (exits via)
Hypoglossal canal
Lhermitte’s sign
-transient shock sensation due to neck flexsion
MS
Autoimmune dz of CNS- multiple white matter lseions separate in time & space
Symps:
-CN (optic neuritis, APD, internuclear opthalmoplegia,
nystagmus)
-motor (weakness, spasticity, abnormal reflex)
-Sensory (paresthesias)
-Cerebellar (ataxia, dysarthria, intention tremor)
-ANS (bladder dysfxn)
Pheochromocytoma
- tumor of the adrenal medulla
- enlarged adrenal gland
- secretes catecholamines (NE, epi)
- -> headaches, diphoresis, palpitations, HTN
Retroperitonal Structures
SAD PUCKER Suprarenal (adrenal) glands Aorta & IVC Duodenum (2nd-4th parts) Pancreas (except tail) Ureters Colon (desc, asc) Kidneys Esophagus (thoracic portion) Rectum (partially)
Atropine Overdose
Anti-cholinergic (x Para) No pee, see, spit, shit Blind as a Bat (mydriasis) Mad as a hatter Red as a beet Hot as a hare Dry as a bone Tx: Physostigmine (AChEi)
Hypocalcemia
Causes: -acute pancreatitis (saponification) -hypoparathyroidism -vit deficiency -Chr kidney dz -Loop diuretics Signs: ^QT -tapping CN7 --> spasm -BP cuff > systolic P --> wrist flex
K+ disturbances
TOO much K -Wide QRS, peaked T -arrhythmias, muscle weak Too Low -U waves -flat T wave -arrhythmias, muscle cramps, spasm
Ca disturbances
Too Much
-stones, bones (pain), groans (abd pain),
thrones (^ urinary frequency), psychiatric overtones
Too little
- Tetancy
- seizures
- ^QT
- Twitching (tapping CN7)
- Spasms
Mg disturbances
Too Low -tetancy -torsades -hypokalemia Too much -decreased DTR -Bradycardia, hypotension, Cardiac arrest -hypocalcemia
