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board stuff- DONE > Uworld 5 > Flashcards

Uworld 5 Flashcards

1
Q

immune response to TB

A

macrophage phagocytosis
antigen presentation to T lymphcites
CD4+ TH1 cells stimulate macrophages (WITH IFN-GAMMA) to kill intracellular M tuberculosis organisms and form langhans giant cells (multiple nuclei organized in the shape of a horseshoe peripherally)- granulomatous

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2
Q

in male, non-fusion of the urethral folds –>

A

hypospadias

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3
Q

lots of smooth ER means

A

phospholipid synthesis, like corticosteroids

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4
Q

digoxin MOA

A

increased parasymp tone

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5
Q

what impacts acne development in athletes?

A

anabolic steroids: methyltestosterone

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6
Q

arsenic poisoning

A

disrupts cellular respiration (binds to sulfhydryl groups)

in pesticides/ contaminated water/ treated wood

acute: garlic breath, vomiting, watery diarrhea, QT prolongation
chronic: hypo/ hyperpigmentation, hyperkeratosis, stocking-glove neuropathy

treat with Dimercaprol

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7
Q

rasburicase MOA

A

converts uric acid into more soluble metabolites (during chemotherapy)

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8
Q

virulence of rabies

A

binds to nACH receptors

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9
Q

CNS cells that stain positive for synaptophysin and negative for GFAP are what?

A

originate from neurons

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10
Q

HIV receptor

A

CD4 protein and CCR5

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11
Q

RX for generalized anxiety disorder

A

SSRI such as citalopram

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12
Q

what happens to c peptide?

A

storage in secretory granules, sent into circulation

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13
Q

what does ubiquitin do?

A

labels proteins for degradation

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14
Q

how do we usually get rid of copper?

A

hepatic excretion into bile

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15
Q

K+ sparing diuretics

A

amiloride
triamterene
spironolactone

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16
Q

failure of obliteration of the processus vaginalis –>

A

hydrocele or indirect inguinal hernia

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17
Q

blood supply to ureters

A

proximal- renal
middle- gonadal

distal- common iliac, internal iliac, and then vesical artery

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18
Q

how does sarcoidosis lead to hypercalcemia?

A

activated macrophages –> increased 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D

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19
Q

dx for pseudomonas aeruginosa

A

cefepime (cephalosporin)

ceftazidime

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20
Q

what part of the nephron is impermeable to water regardles of ADH?

A

ascending loop of henle, thick and thin,

and early distal convoluted tubule

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21
Q

caspofungin target

A

cell wall of fungus

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22
Q

the cardiotoxicity of doxorubicin

A

dilated cardiomyopathy

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23
Q

collateral circulation for descending colon?

A

SMA and IMA

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24
Q

triggers of prinzmetal angina

A

dihydroergotamine
smoking
cocaine/ amphetamines
triptans

25
Q

Reid index

A

ration of thickness of mucous gland layer to the thickness of the bronchial wall between the respiratory epithelium and bronchial cartilage

26
Q

pneumonia stages

A

congestion- first 24 hours. vascular dilatation, alveolar exudate contains mostly bacteria

red hepatization- 2-3 days. Red, firm lobe (liver-like)- alveolar exudate contains erythrocytes, neutrophils, and fibrin

Gray hepatization- 4-6 days-
gray-brown firm lobe. RBCs disintegrate. Alveolar exudate contains neutrophils and fibrin

Resolution- restoration of normal architecture. Enzymatic digestion of the exudate

27
Q

urine crystals

A

calium oxalate octahedron - square with X in center
calcium phosphate- elongated, wedge-shaped, forms rosettes
Mg ammonium phosphate (struvite or triple phosphate)- rectangular prism. “coffin lids”
uric acid- yellow or red-brown diamond or rhombus
cystine- hexagonal

28
Q

gastric varices are associated with

A

splenic vein thrombosis

portal hypertension

29
Q

antipsychotics cause acute dystonic reaction (spasmodic torticollis) how?

A

D2 antagonism- nigrostriatal pathway

30
Q

what mimics Friedrich ataxia?

A

vitamin E deficiency

31
Q

H flu virulence factor

A 
polyribosylribitol phosphate (PRP) capsule
binds factor H
32
Q

animal waste, retroorbital headaches, pneumonia and thrmobocytopenia

A

Q fever caused by cxiella burnetii

33
Q

gastric bypass and vitamins

A

B12, A, D and E and iron are down

folic acid and vitamin K are up

34
Q

adults with rubella develop what?

A

polyarthralgia

35
Q

Zidovudine (AZT) MOA

A

nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor

interrupts 3’-5’ phosphodiester bond formation

36
Q

rx of invasive ductal breast carcinoma with Estrogen receptor and HER2 positivity

A

trastuzumab

prevents activation of transmembrane tyrosine kinase

37
Q

sickle cell inheritance

A

autosomal recessive

but phenotype is autosomal dominant (under certain circumstances- sickle cell crisis)

38
Q

fenofibrate MOA

A

reduces hepatic VLDL production

39
Q

HNPCC underlying pathology

A

DNA mismatch repair

40
Q

diabetes med that has risk of hypoglycemia

A

sulfonylureas like Glyburide

41
Q

hemolytic uremic syndrome etiology

A

shiga toxin-producing bacteria (E coli, shigella)

antecedent diarrheal illness (often bloody)
Hemollytic anemia with schistocytes
thrombocytopenia
acute kidney injury

microthrombi in small blood vessels

42
Q

significan renal hypoperfusion–>

A

compensatory increase in renin secretion by JG cells (located walls of afferent arteriole; modified smooth muscle cells) –> ang system –>

43
Q

pre-eclampsia

A

proteinuria OR signs of end-organ damage

44
Q

Prader willi pathogenesis

A

loss of correct chromosomal imprinting

45
Q

Reyes syndrome- microscopy of liver will show

A

microvesicular steatosis

46
Q

what makes interferon gamma

A

T lymphocytes

a test for latent TB infection

47
Q

base codon at 3’ end of tRNA

A

CCA (posttranscriptional modification)

48
Q

class of drugs causing renal failure

A

aminoglycosides

49
Q

class of drugs causing vestibular disturbances

A

aminoglycosides (ototoxicity)

50
Q

in diabetic ketoacidosis, triglycerides are metabolized to glycerol by

A

glycerol kinase

51
Q

glucagon receptor type

A

protein kinase A

52
Q

what bacterial toxin works against 60 S subunit of eukaryotic RNA?

A

shigella dysenteriae- shiga toxin

53
Q

G6PD is the rate-limiting step for what change?

A

Glucose-6-phosphate to 6-phosphogluconate

54
Q

start codon

A

AUG

55
Q

cataracts and hyperglycemia. What pathogenesis?

A

aldose recutase conversion of glucose to sorbitol happening too fast –> accumulation –> osmotic pressure in tissues and stimulates influx of water

usually sorbitol gets turned into fructose for secretion

56
Q

beta thalassemia

A

target cells and acanthocytes
most common: splice-site error
look for a tool that would help with checking out RNA, like northern blot

57
Q

Fragile X

A

X-linked dominant
CGG repeat
(methylation–> reduced expression of gene)

very common form of inherited mental retardation

58
Q

gene associated with holoprosencephaly

A

sonic hedgehog

59
Q

environmental causes of holoprosencephaly

A

alcohol

hyperglycemia in pregnancy

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