comlex Flashcards
Porphyria cutanea tarda. What enzyme is missing?
- most common porphyria
pohtosensitive –> blistering
deficiency in uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase -> uroporphyrin accumulates in the urine
exacerbated by alcohol
reciprocal inhibition
uses the reflex relaxation of the agonist muscle when the antagonist muscle is contracted
alkaptonuria
metabolic disorder –> black discoloration of cartilage, arthritis, and dark urine
caused by autosomal recessive deficiency of homogentisic acid oxidase
most congenital enzyme deficiencies inherited how?
autosomal recessive
methimazole complications
agranulocytosis –> increased infections
treatment for hyperthyroidism
what statistical test do we use for 2 groups with an interval variable?
t-test
periorbital cellulitis can –>
cavernous sinus thrombosis
achalasia
malfunction of the myenteric nerve plexus within the muscle of the esophagus –> no peristaltic wave
why does asthma get better with age?
airways increase in caliber
constrictive pericarditis
thickened, fibrotic pericardium
increased JVP, Kussmaul sign, rapid y descent, pericardial knock, hepatomegaly, ascites, fatigue, peripheral edema
causes: radiation, TB, infections, prior surgery, MI, pulmonary asbestosis, chronic renal failure, connective tissue disorders, neoplastic pericardial infiltration.
Transthoracic echocardiogram will show it
what do we give for tourettes?
haloperidol.
typical antipsychotics (haloperidol and fluphenazine) and atypical ones (risperidone, olanzapine, pimozide) decrease the severity of tics in Tourette syndrome.
psoas syndrome goes with
contralateral piriformis spasm
posterior sacral torsion
contralateral compensatory pelvic shift
ipsilateral pseudosciatica
how do we test if heparin is working well?
activated partial thromboplastin time
INR and prothrombin time are used for warfarin, etc.
ZES most common tumor site?
pancreas
waiter’s tip
= erb’s palsy
cervical roots C5 and C6
spondylolysis
defect in the pars interarticularis
scotty dog collar
caused by stress fracture, etc.
spondylitis
infection of the vertebra
spondylolisthesis
anterior displacement of one vertebra in relation to the one below
spondylosis
degenerative, usually osteoarthritic change in the shape of the vertebra (goes with degenerative disk changes)
squishing of nerve roots
morning stiffness that improves with activity
narrowing of the joint spaces
dx?
rheumatoid arthritis
PANNUS FORMATION
hepatitis virus families and features
A- picorna, naked capsid B- hepadnavirus, enveloped C- flavivirus (RNA), enveloped (CHRONIC) D- defective. Circular RNA, enveloped E- Hepevirus, RNA, naked
Sever disease
traction apophysitis of the calcaneus at the attachment of the Achilles tendon, causing pain in teh posterior aspect of the calcaneus. Related to overuse.
determining if statistic (risk?) is significant (using confidence intervals)
Statistical signifance “rule of 1;” if 1.0 falls inside the presented interval, then we do not have significance.
cocaine abuse during pregnancy–>
increased risk for placental abruption
serologic markers for hep B
Anti-HBsAg - surface antigen : initially indicates active infection, continued presence indicates carrier state
IgM antibodies against HBc- core antigen- acute response to the pathogen and thus a recent infection
most common cause of bacterial meningitis
strep pneumo
ppick neisseria for dormitories, extreely acute onset, presence of signs of endotoxin shock
Vertebrobasilar insufficiency/ ischemia (VBI)
temporary symptoms caused by decreased blood flow to the posterior circulation of the brain
VERTIGO, drop attacks caused by leg weakness, dizziness, vision changes
can be provoked by sudden decreases in BP, postural changes, heat and dehydration, mechanical forces on the neck, turning the head to extreme angles or extending the neck
common in 7th, 8th decades. Males:females 2:1
atherosclerosis, HTN, diabetes, smoking, dyslipidemias- predisposing factors
treat guillain barre with
IVIG
eosinophilic pneumonitis, llymphadenopathy, and hepatosplenomegaly in the absence of ova or larvae
toxocara canis or cati
pre-eclampsia vs eclampsia
preeclampsia- HTN with albuminuria, edema, abdominal pain
eclampsia- seizures or coma plus above
Chapman point is caused by
viscerosomatic reflex
normal CRI is
10-14 cycles per minute
how to test for thoracic outlet syndrome
hyperabduction test
layers of scrotum with testes
skin- skin
colles fascia and dartos muscle- superficial fascia
cremasteric fascia and muscle- internal oblique muxcle
internal spermatic fascia- transversalis fascia
extraperitoneal fat- extraperitoneal fat
tunica vaginalis- parietal
treatment of status epilepticus
lorazepam
increases frequency of opening of GABA-associated chloride channels
embryos develop limbs when?
4th gestational week
episiotomy cuts what?
perineal body
pigment bile stones goes with
sickle cell anemia and other hemolytic disease
hidradenitis suppurativa
chronic follicular disease that occludes follicles, affecting nearby apocrine sweat glands
can occur anywhere apocrine sweat glands are abundant, but most frequently in the axilla and groin
axillary inflammation and fever are highly suggestive of the dx
rx can involve abx, antiandrogens, retinoids, surgery, or immune modulators
2,3 DPG
byproduct of glycolysis
increases in COPD
–> right shift of the Hb-O2 dissociation curve, thus enhancing O2 unloading from Hb
Broca’s area supplied by
middle cerebral artery
meralgia paresthetica nerve
lat fem cutaneous
