UTIs

Question 1

cause

Answer 1

single bacteria
usually a member of patients enteric microbiota
urinary tract should be sterile
usually ascending infection

Question 2

symptoms

Answer 2

inflammation of urethra/bladder 
pyelonephritis - kindey
pyuria - pus in urine 
dyrsura - pain when urinating
haematurea - blood in urine

Question 3

risk factors

Answer 3

sexual active women
kidney stones, urinary retention (proteus species)
urethra shorter, closer to anus - bowel microbiota
diabetes - urine sweet

Question 4

community acquired

Answer 4

E . Coli (80%)
coagulase negative staph - honeymoon cystitis
proteus mirabilis

Question 5

hospital UTIs

Answer 5

E. coli only 40%
proteus mirabilis
more gram negative bacteria (25%)- klebsiella, enterobacteriacae, pseudemonas - catheter association
gram postives

Question 6

diagnosis

Answer 6

midstream urine so that distal urethra microbes are washed away
washed with soap and water not disinfectant
supra-pubic aspirate - babies
blood and leukocytes indicative of infection
nitrite indicative of bacteria
laminar flow imaging -microscopy uses software to identify blood cells, bacteria, crystals
squamous epithelial cells indicate contamination
CLED indicator prevents swarming (proteus mirabilis = blue)
lactose fermenter = enterobacteriacae = yellow)

Question 7

virulence factors

Answer 7

UPEC - uropethogenic E coli
have pap pilli can adhere to urethra and not be flushed by urin
cytotoxins
iron acquisition