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History > USSR: Topic 3 - Control > Flashcards

USSR: Topic 3 - Control Flashcards

1
Q

November 1917 (2)

A

Decree on the Press

Nationalisation of Petrograd Telegraph Agency

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2
Q

Decree on the Press

A

Emergency powers given to the government to close any newspapers unsupportive of the revolution

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3
Q

January 1918

A

Establishment of the Revolutionary Tribunal of the Press

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4
Q

Revolutionary Tribunal of the Press

A

A tribunal with the power to censor the press and subsequently use the Cheka to impose fines; issue prison sentences; confiscate property or exile any journalists

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5
Q

ROSTA (2)

A

All-Russia Telegraph Agency

Solely responsible for distributing news

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6
Q

2000

A

Number of newspapers closed by Lenin in 1921

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7
Q

Glavlit

A

An organisation created in 1922 by Felix Dzerzhinsky, leader of the GPU, that oversaw systematic censorship

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8
Q

Book gulags

A

Special holding libraries to house banned books

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9
Q

Historical editing

A

The rewriting of Soviet history by removing the contribution of Stalin’s opponents and emphasising his role in the revolution

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10
Q

Cultural thaw

A

A period of media liberalisation under Khrushchev which was characterised by consumer magazines and the emergence of the television

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11
Q

Rabotnitsa (the Women Worker)

A

A women’s consumer magazine that contained readers’ letters which exposed profound problems with male alcoholism, domestic inequalities and domestic violence

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12
Q

1961: T.V. (2)

A

Millions of viewers watched a celebration of Yuri Gagarin’s space flight
“News and Mail” – the first national television news show

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13
Q

Vogue

A

Western consumer magazines like Vogue undermined faith in the Soviet system by showing the quality of Western goods and the luxury of Western lifestyles

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14
Q

January 1918

A

First photograph of Lenin published

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15
Q

August 1918

A

Assassination attempt on Lenin

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16
Q

Depiction of Lenin: 1918

A

After the assassination attempt, Lenin became a modern-day Christ who was willing to suffer and sacrifice his life for his people

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17
Q

Depiction of Lenin: 1919-1920

A

Epitomised by the working-class cap he was often depicted wearing, Lenin became a down-to-earth man of the people

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18
Q

Myth of Two Leaders

A

A myth cultivated by Stalin that the October Revolution, the Civil War victory and the founding of the USSR was masterminded by a duumvirate of Lenin and Stalin

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19
Q

1938

A

Publication of two histories of the Communist party edited by Stalin

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20
Q

The vozhd (2)

A

A Russian term with no legal significance that meant “leader”
Representative of the infallible and celebrated figure that Stalin became to the people

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21
Q

Generalissimo

A

A military rank created specifically for Stalin which illustrated his new reputation as the military genius who defeated Hitler

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22
Q

Khrushchev’s personality cult (5)

A

Lenin’s disciple
Responsible for the Space program and the Virgin Lands Schemes
Hero of WW2
Man of the people – a metal worker in his youth
Great reformer

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23
Q

Brezhnev’s personality cult (3)

A

Lenin’s disciple
Military hero – promoted to Marshal of the Red Army and received 60 medals
Ensured world peace by developing détente
“Man of the people” – an engineer in the steel industry

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24
Q

October 1917

A

Decree on Land which gave peasants the right to seize Church land

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25
Q

January 1918

A

Decree Concerning Separation of Church and State and of School and Church

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26
Q

Decree Concerning Separation of Church and State and of School and Church (3)

A

Nationalisation of church land, buildings and property
End of church subsidies
Religious education banned

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27
Q

January 1918

A

Metropolitan Vladimir tortured and shot

Orthodox priests in Moscow massacred after excommunicating the Bolsheviks

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28
Q

November 1918

A

Politburo issues a secret order sanctioning the Cheka to mass execute priests

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29
Q

April 1923

A

The establishment of the decentralised Living Church

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30
Q

The Living Church (2)

A

A reformed version of the old Orthodox Church in which ordinary people had power
Aided by the GPU, they removed the old Church hierarchy and introduced a new decentralised structure

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31
Q

Campaign against Islam: 1920’s (4)

A

Closed mosques
Discouraged pilgrimages
Attacked Islamic shrines
Opened anti-Islamic museums in recognized holy places

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32
Q

414

A

The number of churches re-opened in 1944 after Stalin came to an understanding with the Russian Orthodox Church

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33
Q

Church expansion: 1946-1948

A

Priesthood increased from 9254 in 1946 to 11,827 in 1948

34
Q

1958 Anti-religious campaign (3)

A

Churches re-opened in WW2 closed again
Anti-religious propaganda reintroduced
Roman Catholic monasteries closed

35
Q

2/3

A

Proportion of female Orthodox churchgoers

36
Q

Church closures: 1958-1964

A

1958: 8000 buildings
1964: 5000 buildings

37
Q

Late 1960’s

A

Establishment of the Spiritual Board of Muslims of Central Asia to increase contact of Soviet Islamic leaders and fellow Muslims

38
Q

20%

A

The proportion of people who professed religious faith from 1960-1985

39
Q 
1917-1922: 
1922: 
1922-1934: 
1934-1936: 
1936-1938: 
1939-1953: 
1954-1967: 
1967-85:
A 
Cheka and Felix Dzerzhinsky
GPU and Felix Dzerzhinsky (until 1926)
OGPU
NKVD and Genrikh Yagoda
NKVD and Nikolai Yezhov
NKVD and Lavrentiy Beria
KGB
KGB and Yuri Andropov
40
Q

Role of the Cheka (1917-1922) (5)

A 
Requisition grain
Close down opposition media
Support Red Army and enforce discipline
Run concentration camps
Stop market selling
41
Q

Role of the GPU (1922-) (5)

A

Monitor the press
Deporting intellectuals (professors and engineers)
Report moral problems
Organise political trials (Social Revolutionaries)
Police the mixed market (Nepmen, priests and liberal youth)

42
Q

Genrikh Yagoda’s importance

A

With Stalin turned the NKVD against the Party creating a new base of power in the Soviet government

43
Q

1937 (2)

A

Purging the NKVD of old agents not loyal to Stalin

New agents recruited

44
Q

Role of the NKVD (under Yezhov) (3)

A

Purge the party
Major political trials (Trial of the 17 and Trial of the 21)
Local show trials

45
Q

Conveyor Belt System

A

A system to get confessions quickly by using a group of agents to work around the clock and torture prisoners

46
Q

Yezhovchina – Yezhov’s Bloodbath (3)

A

A period between 1937-1938
1.5 million or 10% of the male adult population were arrested
680,000 people were executed

47
Q

April 1939

A

Yezhov’s arrest

48
Q

Role of the NKVD (under Beria) (4)

A

Deportation of ethnic minorities
Interrogation of POWs
Centralising the power of the Party (The Leningrad Affair)
Arresting medical staff (The Doctor’s Plot)

49
Q

Khrushchev’s Approach (2)

A

Popular Oversight - social control where ordinary citizens disciplined themselves
Rehabilitation of former Party members

50
Q

Andropov’s Approach (2)

A

Cultural Conservatism – suspicion of any liberalization

Maximum control through minimum violence

51
Q

KGB Order No. 0051 (2)

A

A policy of increased surveillance of and action against dissidents
Directorate V – a special branch to deal with dissidents

52
Q

Role of the KGB (4)

A

Emigration of high-profile dissidents
Jewish emigration to Israel
Repressive psychiatry
Prevention over repression

53
Q

Discipline in the KGB (2)

A

Declaration of financial assets

Meritocracy

54
Q

April 1969

A

Andropov introduced a measure that states that anti-Soviet behaviour was a sign of a “paranoid reformist delusion”

55
Q

1972

A

From November 1972 the KGB adopted a policy of officially warning individuals to stop unorthodox activities

56
Q

Andrei Sakharov (4)

A

Father of the Hydrogen Bomb
Advocated human rights in the USSR
Won a Nobel Peace Prize
Kept under strict surveillance and travel restricted

57
Q

Importance of the Helsinki Agreement

A

Dissidents could use the Helsinki Agreement to push for change and place pressure on the government to uphold human rights

58
Q

Discontent in the 1970s (4)

A

Living standards stagnated
Lack of consumer goods
Lack of opportunity and improved working conditions
Party corruption

59
Q

Andropov’s KGB (1982-1985)

A

Anti-corruption campaigns (Trial of Nikolai Shchelokov)

Operation Trawl

60
Q

Proletkult (4)

A

The Proletarian Culture Movement
An independent national organisation active between 1918 and 1920
Working people had access to local studios where they could artistically express themselves
84,000 members across 300 studios

61
Q

October 1920 (2)

A

Proletkult merged with the Commissariat of Education

Artistic independence was lost and funding was diverted to the more traditional arts

62
Q

Agitprop (3)

A

The Department of Agitation Propaganda
Created in 1920
Produced avant-garde art that built on revolutionary propaganda

63
Q

Alexander Rodchenko
Dziga Vertov
Sergei Eisenstein

A

Revolutionary photographer
Experimental film maker using the “cinema of fact”
Agitational film maker with revolutionary messages

64
Q

Stalin’s approach to art

A

Revolutionary art should reflect government priorities rather than individual creativity

65
Q

Union of Soviet Writers (2)

A

Created in 1932

Developed Socialist Realism

66
Q

Socialist Realism (5)

A

Literature focused on working people (Cement by Fyodor Gladkov)
Soviet ballet became less experimental and accessible
Art production had set targets
Paintings served direct political purposes and depicted a utopian version of the USSR
Art was understood by working people, reflected Russian traditions and heroic subject matter

67
Q

Khrushchev’s cultural thaws (3)

A

1953-1954
1956-1957
1961-1962

68
Q

1953-1954

A

Followed the authorisation of novels that acknowledged an inter-generational difference
The Thaw by Ilya Ehrenburg which criticised Stalinist mass terror

69
Q

1956-1957

A

Followed the Secret Speech

70
Q

1961-1962

A

Followed the 22nd Party Congress and the removal of Stalin’s body from the Red Square
and “One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich” by Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn which tells the life of a gulag prisoner

71
Q

1957

A

The World Youth Festival in Moscow

Youth danced to jazz and African drumming

72
Q

Khrushchev’s cultural freezes (2)

A

1954-1956 (following Boris Pasternak’s Doctor Zhivago which criticized Leninism)
1964-onward (following the arrest of poet Josef Brodsky)

73
Q

Stilyaga

A

Style hunters or young women who adopted Western fashion

74
Q

Consumer goods: 1964-1970

A

Spending on clothes tripled

75
Q

Samizdat

A

Underground self-published magazines which circulated on the black market

76
Q

Bolshoi Ballet

A

A source of national pride as it was in demand across the world

77
Q

Sinyavsky-Daniel Trial (3)

A

The trial of authors Andrei Sinyavsky and Yuli Daniel who had been allowed considerable freedom under Khrushchev
A show trial used to send a message that cultural liberalism was over
Both authors sentenced to seven and five years in labour camps

78
Q

7000-8000

A

The number of dissidents who received “repressive psychiatric treatment”

79
Q

Consequences of the Prague Spring

A

Following 1968, greater pressure placed on cultural conformity
Soviet culture became profoundly nostalgic

80
Q

Moscow Conceptualists

A

An underground artistic association that sought to expose the truth of Soviet society and provide an antidote to official propaganda

81
Q

Forest Ritual (2)

A

A live performance by Nonna Goriunova where she posed naked in a forest
A statement about female beauty divorced from the male desire

History (6 decks)

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