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History > USSR: Topic 3 - Control > Flashcards

USSR: Topic 3 - Control Flashcards

1
Q

November 1917 (2)

A

Decree on the Press

Nationalisation of Petrograd Telegraph Agency

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2
Q

Decree on the Press

A

Emergency powers given to the government to close any newspapers unsupportive of the revolution

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3
Q

January 1918

A

Establishment of the Revolutionary Tribunal of the Press

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4
Q

Revolutionary Tribunal of the Press

A

A tribunal with the power to censor the press and subsequently use the Cheka to impose fines; issue prison sentences; confiscate property or exile any journalists

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5
Q

ROSTA (2)

A

All-Russia Telegraph Agency

Solely responsible for distributing news

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6
Q

2000

A

Number of newspapers closed by Lenin in 1921

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7
Q

Glavlit

A

An organisation created in 1922 by Felix Dzerzhinsky, leader of the GPU, that oversaw systematic censorship

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8
Q

Book gulags

A

Special holding libraries to house banned books

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9
Q

Historical editing

A

The rewriting of Soviet history by removing the contribution of Stalin’s opponents and emphasising his role in the revolution

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10
Q

Cultural thaw

A

A period of media liberalisation under Khrushchev which was characterised by consumer magazines and the emergence of the television

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11
Q

Rabotnitsa (the Women Worker)

A

A women’s consumer magazine that contained readers’ letters which exposed profound problems with male alcoholism, domestic inequalities and domestic violence

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12
Q

1961: T.V. (2)

A

Millions of viewers watched a celebration of Yuri Gagarin’s space flight
“News and Mail” – the first national television news show

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13
Q

Vogue

A

Western consumer magazines like Vogue undermined faith in the Soviet system by showing the quality of Western goods and the luxury of Western lifestyles

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14
Q

January 1918

A

First photograph of Lenin published

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15
Q

August 1918

A

Assassination attempt on Lenin

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16
Q

Depiction of Lenin: 1918

A

After the assassination attempt, Lenin became a modern-day Christ who was willing to suffer and sacrifice his life for his people

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17
Q

Depiction of Lenin: 1919-1920

A

Epitomised by the working-class cap he was often depicted wearing, Lenin became a down-to-earth man of the people

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18
Q

Myth of Two Leaders

A

A myth cultivated by Stalin that the October Revolution, the Civil War victory and the founding of the USSR was masterminded by a duumvirate of Lenin and Stalin

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19
Q

1938

A

Publication of two histories of the Communist party edited by Stalin

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20
Q

The vozhd (2)

A

A Russian term with no legal significance that meant “leader”
Representative of the infallible and celebrated figure that Stalin became to the people

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21
Q

Generalissimo

A

A military rank created specifically for Stalin which illustrated his new reputation as the military genius who defeated Hitler

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22
Q

Khrushchev’s personality cult (5)

A

Lenin’s disciple
Responsible for the Space program and the Virgin Lands Schemes
Hero of WW2
Man of the people – a metal worker in his youth
Great reformer

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23
Q

Brezhnev’s personality cult (3)

A

Lenin’s disciple
Military hero – promoted to Marshal of the Red Army and received 60 medals
Ensured world peace by developing détente
“Man of the people” – an engineer in the steel industry

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24
Q

October 1917

A

Decree on Land which gave peasants the right to seize Church land

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25
January 1918
Decree Concerning Separation of Church and State and of School and Church
26
Decree Concerning Separation of Church and State and of School and Church (3)
Nationalisation of church land, buildings and property End of church subsidies Religious education banned
27
January 1918
Metropolitan Vladimir tortured and shot | Orthodox priests in Moscow massacred after excommunicating the Bolsheviks
28
November 1918
Politburo issues a secret order sanctioning the Cheka to mass execute priests
29
April 1923
The establishment of the decentralised Living Church
30
The Living Church (2)
A reformed version of the old Orthodox Church in which ordinary people had power Aided by the GPU, they removed the old Church hierarchy and introduced a new decentralised structure
31
Campaign against Islam: 1920’s (4)
Closed mosques Discouraged pilgrimages Attacked Islamic shrines Opened anti-Islamic museums in recognized holy places
32
414
The number of churches re-opened in 1944 after Stalin came to an understanding with the Russian Orthodox Church
33
Church expansion: 1946-1948
Priesthood increased from 9254 in 1946 to 11,827 in 1948
34
1958 Anti-religious campaign (3)
Churches re-opened in WW2 closed again Anti-religious propaganda reintroduced Roman Catholic monasteries closed
35
2/3
Proportion of female Orthodox churchgoers
36
Church closures: 1958-1964
1958: 8000 buildings 1964: 5000 buildings
37
Late 1960’s
Establishment of the Spiritual Board of Muslims of Central Asia to increase contact of Soviet Islamic leaders and fellow Muslims
38
20%
The proportion of people who professed religious faith from 1960-1985
39
``` 1917-1922: 1922: 1922-1934: 1934-1936: 1936-1938: 1939-1953: 1954-1967: 1967-85: ```
``` Cheka and Felix Dzerzhinsky GPU and Felix Dzerzhinsky (until 1926) OGPU NKVD and Genrikh Yagoda NKVD and Nikolai Yezhov NKVD and Lavrentiy Beria KGB KGB and Yuri Andropov ```
40
Role of the Cheka (1917-1922) (5)
``` Requisition grain Close down opposition media Support Red Army and enforce discipline Run concentration camps Stop market selling ```
41
Role of the GPU (1922-) (5)
Monitor the press Deporting intellectuals (professors and engineers) Report moral problems Organise political trials (Social Revolutionaries) Police the mixed market (Nepmen, priests and liberal youth)
42
Genrikh Yagoda’s importance
With Stalin turned the NKVD against the Party creating a new base of power in the Soviet government
43
1937 (2)
Purging the NKVD of old agents not loyal to Stalin | New agents recruited
44
Role of the NKVD (under Yezhov) (3)
Purge the party Major political trials (Trial of the 17 and Trial of the 21) Local show trials
45
Conveyor Belt System
A system to get confessions quickly by using a group of agents to work around the clock and torture prisoners
46
Yezhovchina – Yezhov’s Bloodbath (3)
A period between 1937-1938 1.5 million or 10% of the male adult population were arrested 680,000 people were executed
47
April 1939
Yezhov’s arrest
48
Role of the NKVD (under Beria) (4)
Deportation of ethnic minorities Interrogation of POWs Centralising the power of the Party (The Leningrad Affair) Arresting medical staff (The Doctor’s Plot)
49
Khrushchev’s Approach (2)
Popular Oversight - social control where ordinary citizens disciplined themselves Rehabilitation of former Party members
50
Andropov’s Approach (2)
Cultural Conservatism – suspicion of any liberalization | Maximum control through minimum violence
51
KGB Order No. 0051 (2)
A policy of increased surveillance of and action against dissidents Directorate V – a special branch to deal with dissidents
52
Role of the KGB (4)
Emigration of high-profile dissidents Jewish emigration to Israel Repressive psychiatry Prevention over repression
53
Discipline in the KGB (2)
Declaration of financial assets | Meritocracy
54
April 1969
Andropov introduced a measure that states that anti-Soviet behaviour was a sign of a “paranoid reformist delusion”
55
1972
From November 1972 the KGB adopted a policy of officially warning individuals to stop unorthodox activities
56
Andrei Sakharov (4)
Father of the Hydrogen Bomb Advocated human rights in the USSR Won a Nobel Peace Prize Kept under strict surveillance and travel restricted
57
Importance of the Helsinki Agreement
Dissidents could use the Helsinki Agreement to push for change and place pressure on the government to uphold human rights
58
Discontent in the 1970s (4)
Living standards stagnated Lack of consumer goods Lack of opportunity and improved working conditions Party corruption
59
Andropov’s KGB (1982-1985)
Anti-corruption campaigns (Trial of Nikolai Shchelokov) | Operation Trawl
60
Proletkult (4)
The Proletarian Culture Movement An independent national organisation active between 1918 and 1920 Working people had access to local studios where they could artistically express themselves 84,000 members across 300 studios
61
October 1920 (2)
Proletkult merged with the Commissariat of Education | Artistic independence was lost and funding was diverted to the more traditional arts
62
Agitprop (3)
The Department of Agitation Propaganda Created in 1920 Produced avant-garde art that built on revolutionary propaganda
63
Alexander Rodchenko Dziga Vertov Sergei Eisenstein
Revolutionary photographer Experimental film maker using the “cinema of fact” Agitational film maker with revolutionary messages
64
Stalin’s approach to art
Revolutionary art should reflect government priorities rather than individual creativity
65
Union of Soviet Writers (2)
Created in 1932 | Developed Socialist Realism
66
Socialist Realism (5)
Literature focused on working people (Cement by Fyodor Gladkov) Soviet ballet became less experimental and accessible Art production had set targets Paintings served direct political purposes and depicted a utopian version of the USSR Art was understood by working people, reflected Russian traditions and heroic subject matter
67
Khrushchev’s cultural thaws (3)
1953-1954 1956-1957 1961-1962
68
1953-1954
Followed the authorisation of novels that acknowledged an inter-generational difference The Thaw by Ilya Ehrenburg which criticised Stalinist mass terror
69
1956-1957
Followed the Secret Speech
70
1961-1962
Followed the 22nd Party Congress and the removal of Stalin’s body from the Red Square and "One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich" by Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn which tells the life of a gulag prisoner
71
1957
The World Youth Festival in Moscow | Youth danced to jazz and African drumming
72
Khrushchev’s cultural freezes (2)
1954-1956 (following Boris Pasternak’s Doctor Zhivago which criticized Leninism) 1964-onward (following the arrest of poet Josef Brodsky)
73
Stilyaga
Style hunters or young women who adopted Western fashion
74
Consumer goods: 1964-1970
Spending on clothes tripled
75
Samizdat
Underground self-published magazines which circulated on the black market
76
Bolshoi Ballet
A source of national pride as it was in demand across the world
77
Sinyavsky-Daniel Trial (3)
The trial of authors Andrei Sinyavsky and Yuli Daniel who had been allowed considerable freedom under Khrushchev A show trial used to send a message that cultural liberalism was over Both authors sentenced to seven and five years in labour camps
78
7000-8000
The number of dissidents who received “repressive psychiatric treatment”
79
Consequences of the Prague Spring
Following 1968, greater pressure placed on cultural conformity Soviet culture became profoundly nostalgic
80
Moscow Conceptualists
An underground artistic association that sought to expose the truth of Soviet society and provide an antidote to official propaganda
81
Forest Ritual (2)
A live performance by Nonna Goriunova where she posed naked in a forest A statement about female beauty divorced from the male desire

History (6 decks)

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