China: Establishing Control

Question 1

Industry (3)

Answer 1

Factories and industrial equipment destroyed

Only 10% of national output was from industry Only 5% of population worked in industry

Question 2

Bandits

Answer 2

1 million bandits roamed the countryside

Question 3

Transport

Answer 3

½ of the railway network destroyed

Question 4

Structure of the CCP

Answer 4

5.8 million members –> 49-member Central Committee –> 25-member Politburo –> 5-member Standing Committee

Question 5

State Council (2)

Answer 5

Headed by Zhou Enlai who co-ordinated the 24 new ministries

Wielded legislative and executive power

Question 6

The PLA (4)

Answer 6

Controlled by the CCP through the Military Affairs Commission
Tasked with extending Communist control over China
800,000 new recruits conscripted each year
Served a military, political and economic role

Question 7

Regional administration

Answer 7

China split into 6 regions with a regional party bureaux headed by 4 officials: Government Chairman, First Party Secretary, Military Commander and Army Political Commissar

Question 8

Military role of the PLA

Answer 8

Conducted reunification campaigns across China

Question 9

Political role of the PLA (2)

Answer 9

Two of the 4 head officials in every regional party bureaux were military
A military administrative force controlled China

Question 10

Economic Role of the PLA

Answer 10

Soldiers, a disciplined workforce, were used to rebuild China’s infrastructure

Question 11

March 1950 (PLA)

Answer 11

Reunification campaigns begin with sponsored migration of Han Chinese in Muslim Xinjiang

Question 12

December 1950

Answer 12

Reunification campaigns culminate with the execution of 28,000 pro-nationalists in Guangdong

Question 13

1.3 million

Answer 13

The amount of people undergoing forced labour in laogai by 1955

Question 14

The 17-point agreement

Answer 14

A treaty forced upon the Dalai Lama by PLA forces following an invasion into Tibetl

Question 15

25 October 1950

Answer 15

With the UN at the Yalu River, Gen. Peng Dehuai enters North Korea with the People’s Liberation Army inflicting serious losses to the UN

Question 16

February 1951

Answer 16

“Resist America, Aid Korea” campaign begins

Question 17

27 July 1953

Answer 17

An armistice ending hostilities is created with a demilitarised zone along the 38th Parallel but the agreement is never signed

Question 18

Cost of the Korean War (5)

Answer 18

400,000 PLA soldiers died
$10 billion war cost
Taiwan protected by the US and complete reunification impossible
Souring of US-China relations
China now isolated and solely dependent on the USSR for economic aid

Question 19

Benefits of the Korean War (3)

Answer 19

International prestige
Domestic support
The removal of internal and external opposition

Question 20

Domestic support (3)

Answer 20

Farmers pledged increased production and surplus crops
Workers increased production in coal, iron and steel
Businessmen signed “patriotic pacts” to fall in line with the state

Question 21

International prestige (4)

Answer 21

Mao had proven the West to be “paper tigers”
China engaged a foreign power for the first time in a century without losing face
Mao was well-placed to be the leader of the communist movement in Asia
Mao’s personal prestige as a military leader strengthened

Question 22

March 1950 (ZF)

Answer 22

Zhen Fan or Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries launches in response to the strong GMD resistance to the Communists

Question 23

March – April 1950

Answer 23

The first Speak Bitterness campaigns begin in rural areas; landlords are publicly accused, denounced, ridiculed and often killed.

Question 24

800,000

Answer 24

The number of deaths from the Zhen Fan during the first half of 1951

Question 25

November 1951 – July 1952

Answer 25

The 3-Antis Campaign begins which targets CCP members, former GMD members and bureaucratic officials

Question 26

3-Antis Campaign

Answer 26

A campaign directed against corruption, waste and bureaucracy

Question 27

January – May 1952

Answer 27

The 5-Antis Campaign begins which targets the capitalist class and becomes all-out class warfare

Question 28

5-Antis Campaign

Answer 28

A campaign directed against bribery, tax evasion, theft of state property, cheating of state contracts and theft of state economic information

Question 29

450,000

Answer 29

Number of private businesses that had been charged, fined and placed under state management by 1953

Question 30

2 May 1956 - “Let a hundred flowers bloom, let a hundred schools contend”

Answer 30

Mao calls for a “Hundred Flowers Movement” to improve the relationship between the CCP and the people.

Question 31

“On the Correct Handling of Contradictions Among the People”

Answer 31

A memo written by Mao encouraging critique of the CCP once again

Question 32

June 1957

Answer 32

Millions of letters pour into the government’s offices, most strongly critical of its policies.

Question 33

Common complaints

Answer 33

Lack of democratic rights, freedom of expression, economic inequality low wages and Mao

Question 34

July 1957

Answer 34

Republishing of “On the Correct Handling of Contradictions Among the People” and the start of the Anti-Rightist Campaign

Question 35

550,000

Answer 35

The number of intellectuals purged, sent to the countryside or to the laogais

Question 36

1-2 million

Answer 36

The total number of people politically persecuted during the Anti-Rightist Campaign