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History > USSR: Topic 1 - Government > Flashcards

USSR: Topic 1 - Government Flashcards

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1
Q

October 1917 (3)

A

October Revolution
Decree on Land – peasants can seize land
Decree on Peace – withdrawal from WW1

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2
Q

Lenin’s tenure

A

1917-1924

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3
Q

All Russian Congress of Soviets

A

A congress made up of representatives sent by small local elected Soviets

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4
Q

Sovnarkom (4)

A

Council of People’s Commissars (or the Russian Cabinet)
Responsible to the All Russian Congress of Soviets
Ostensibly, governed on a day-to-day basis
Rubber stamped the decisions of the Politburo

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5
Q

November 1917 (3)

A

Workers’ Decree – 8-hour max. day and min. wages
Decree of Workers’ Control – workers elect committees in factories
Nationwide election – Bolshevik minority in Constituent Assembly

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6
Q

January 1918

A

Lenin closes Constituent Assembly

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7
Q

3 March 1918

A

Unpopular Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

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8
Q

April-May 1918

A

Bolsheviks loses general election

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9
Q

Summer 1918 - 1921

A

Russian Civil War

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10
Q

Lenin’s Politburo (3)

A

A committee made up of Lenin and around 7 of his most loyal supporters
The primary organ of government
Dictated policy to the Sovnarkom and the All Russian Congress of Soviets

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11
Q

Nomenklatura (3)

A

Party members trusted by senior officials to implement government policy
The former educated middle class of the pre-revolutionary government
Superseded the local soviets

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12
Q

December 1917

A

Creation of the Cheka

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13
Q

1920-1921

A

Droughts threatening famine

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14
Q

January 1921

A

Tambov Uprising

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15
Q

Tambov Uprising (3)

A

Led by Aleksandr Antonov
Rebellion against grain requisitioning and the Cheka
A force of 50,000 anti-communist fighters

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16
Q

March 1921

A

Peasant attacks on government grain stores along the Volga River

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17
Q

Kronstadt Mutiny

A

Mutiny by sailors at Kronstadt naval base
Demanded a series of democratic reforms
“Soviets without Communism”

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18
Q

Mid-March 1921

A

Kronstadt Mutiny crushed by Red Army

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19
Q

May 1921

A

Tambov Uprising repressed with 100,000 people deported to gulags

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20
Q

February 1921

A

Cheka destroys opposition political parties

22 leading Social Revolutionaries were sentenced to prison or exiled

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21
Q

The 1921 Party Congress (2)

A

Introduction of the New Economic Plan (NEP)

“On Party Unity” introduced banning factionalism within the Party

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22
Q

“On Party Unity”

A

A resolution that meant party members found guilty of forming factions, such as the Workers’ Opposition or the Democratic Centralists, would be expelled from the party

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23
Q

Socialism in one country

A

1924: Bukharin and Stalin believed that socialism should first be established in the USSR instead of waiting for a global revolution

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24
Q

Collectivisation and Industrialisation

A

1928: Stalin argued peasants should work on state-owned farms and that the USSR should be industrialised at a rapid pace

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25
Q

1923

A

Stalin issues his first “approved list” of party members

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26
Q

May 1924

A

128.000 new members to the Party via Stalin’s Lenin Enrolment initiative

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27
Q

Party of 1928

A

Less revolutionary and more career-driven members who owed their jobs to Stalin

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28
Q

Stalin’s tenure

A

1928-1953

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29
Q

Stalin’s powers in 1928 (2)

A

General Secretary – able to give powerful jobs to Party members
Head of Central Control Commission – able to investigate and sack Party and government officials

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30
Q

Apparatchiks

A

Party members, or apparatus, who implemented orders and nothing else

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31
Q

Sergei Kirov

A

Head of the Communist Party in Leningrad who was challenging Stalin’s authority

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32
Q

1932 (2)

A

Sergei Kirov defend Stalinist critic Martemyan Ryutin

Sergei Kirov forms Union of Marxist Leninists

33
Q

February 1934 (3)

A

Congress of Victors
Sergei Kirov receives around 300 more votes than Stalin
Sergei Kirov urged by senior members to stand against Stalin as General Secretary

34
Q

Congress of Victors

A

A congress which elects the Central Committee

35
Q

December 1934

A

Sergei Kirov assassinated and his death is used as the pretext to launch the Great Terror

36
Q

1935-1938

A

The Great Terror or Great Purge

37
Q

The Great Terror

A

A campaign of arrests, torture, imprisonments and executions that killed around 10 million Soviet citizens

38
Q

1937 (2)

A

Trial of the 17 – execution of 17 Trotskyites

Execution of 8 senior generals in the Red Army

39
Q

1938

A

Trial of the 21 – execution of Bukharin and his closest supporter

40
Q

37,000

A

The number of officers purged in the Red Army

41
Q

1941

A

Stalin becomes Chair of Sovnarkom making him the most powerful man in the Party and now the government

42
Q

Ministers

A

The People’s Commissars under Stalin

43
Q

Council of Ministers –> Presidium

A

The Sovnarkom under Stalin

44
Q

GKO

A

The State Defence Committee responsible for economic co-ordination, military production, and defence

45
Q

Power shifts (x4)

A

1) Party under the Politburo is the most powerful
2) State power grows = State ministers in Politburo
3) GKO becomes the most powerful committee during the war
4) Party is given more power = Council of Ministers is the most powerful

46
Q

1953-1955

A

Power struggle between Nikita Khrushchev, Georgy Malenkov and Lavrentiy Beria

47
Q

March 1953

A

Beria introduces amnesty for non-political prisoners

48
Q

May 1953

A

Creation of a party commission to investigate past executions

49
Q

Khrushchev’s tenure

A

1953-1964

50
Q

4620

A

The number of communists rehabilitated, under Beria’s reforms, who had been executed based on forced confessions

51
Q

Gulag population: 1953-1956

A

1953: 2.4 million
1956: 1.6 million

52
Q

June 1953 (2)

A

Beria increases republican representation through lingual inclusivity
Beria is executed

53
Q

Lingual inclusivity (2)

A

Senior Party officials must speak the language of the republic they work in
All official publications must be available in each republic’s language

54
Q

44%

A

The percentage of the Central Committee that Khrushchev replaced

55
Q

68% –> 44%

A

The proportion by which Soviet industry controlled by the central government decreased

56
Q

20th Party Congress

A

14-25th February 1956

Khrushchev’s Secret Speech

57
Q

May 1954

A

Khrushchev sets up a special commission to review the case of political prisoners

58
Q

June 1956

A

51,439 prisoners were released by Khrushchev’s special commission

59
Q

1961

A

½ of those executed by Stalin were rehabilitated

60
Q

Mid-December 1957

A

Establishment of an Anti-Communist Commission, headed by Leonid Brezhnev, to suppress anti-communist activities

61
Q

Party membership: 1954-1964

A

1954: 6.9 million
1964: 11 million

62
Q

105

A

The number of new economic councils created by the decentralisation of central ministries

63
Q

June 1957

A

An attempted coup by Georgy Malenkov that was supported by the Presidium but not the Central Committee

64
Q

October 1961

A

22nd Party Congress

65
Q

22nd Party Congress (3)

A

Fixed terms for all jobs in the Party
Fixed 16-year terms for Central Committee members
Split of the Party into industrial and agriculture bureaus

66
Q

October 1964

A

Khrushchev forced into retirement by senior Party members who had the backing of the Central Committee

67
Q

Stability of Cadres

A

A policy that discouraged promotions and demotions replacing Khrushchev’s policy of limited terms

68
Q

Brezhnev’s tenure

A

1964-1970 with Alexei Kosygin

1970-1982

69
Q

1977 Soviet Constitution

A

Known as the “Brezhnev Constitution” which recognised the supremacy of the Party over the state

70
Q

Centralisation (2)

A

Re-establishment of all-union ministries

The end of the industrial and agricultural split in the Party

71
Q

1964-1970

A

Only 2 people promoted to the Politburo

72
Q

1966-1971

A

90% of Central Committee members retained their jobs

73
Q

75

A

Average age of the Politburo in 1982

74
Q

Galina Brezhneva

A

Her lover, Boris the Gypsy, smuggled millions of pounds worth of diamonds out of the USSR

75
Q

Andropov’s tenure

A

November 1982-February 1984

76
Q

1/4

A

Proportion of senior officials replaced under Andropov

77
Q

Nikolai Shchelokov

A

Red Army General and Minister of the Interior investigated under Andropov’s anti-corruption campaign

78
Q

Chernenko’s tenure

A

February 1984-March 1985

Mikhail Gorbachev led meetings on his behalf as he was bed-ridden

History (6 decks)

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