Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

History > China: Agriculture and Industry > Flashcards

China: Agriculture and Industry Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® U.S. History flashcards European History 101 flashcards AP® European History flashcards AP® World History flashcards World History 102 flashcards U.S. History 102 flashcards World History 101 flashcards U.S. History 101 flashcards
1
Q

30 June 1950

A

Agrarian Reform Law promulgated, formalising the transfer of farmland from landlords to peasant communities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Number of landlords killed: 1949-1952

A

2 million

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

43%

A

Percentage of land handed over to 60% of the population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Agricultural production: 1950-1952

A

Total agricultural production increased by 15% per annum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

December 1951

A

Introduction of co-operative ownership of land

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Mutual Aid Teams (MATs) (2)

A

10 or fewer households

Pooled tools, animals, knowledge, experience and labour together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

MATs: 1951-1952

A

40% of all peasant households organised into MATs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Agricultural Producers Cooperatives (APCs) (3)

A

30-50 households (or 3-5 MATs)
Pooled tools, animals, knowledge, experience, labour and land
Points exchange system in place based on contribution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

APCs: 1952-1955

A

Only 15% of peasant households joined APCs as it was unpopular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

APCs: by December 1956 (4)

A

Following Mao’s demand for a quickening of the pace of collectivisation:

Private property and ownership abolished
Membership compulsory
96% of all peasant households organised into APCs
88% of all peasant households organised into higher APCs of 200-300 households

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Agricultural production: 1953-56

A

Only an average of 2% as compared with the planned 23%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Direction of the 1st 5YP (3)

A

Centralisation of heavy industry
Clear production targets set and monitored by the Party
Inspired by the USSR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

February 1950

A

Signing of the Sino-Soviet Mutual Assistance Treaty

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Sino-Soviet Mutual Assistance Treaty (3)

A

Construction of 156 industrial enterprises
11,000 Soviet industrial experts sent to China
Loan of $300 million

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Plan’s targets (5)

A 
High growth in steel and coal production
Investment in advanced technology
Construction of modern industrial plants
Autarkic state
22 million tons of grain to be requisitioned to fund industrialisation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Plan’s successes (6)

A

16% annual growth rate
Industrial output more than doubled
1952-1957: Coal production – 98% increase
1949-1957: Urban population – 57 million  100 million
Urban incomes increased by 40%
Workplace input into industrial decision-making

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Plan’s failures (4)

A

To pay high interest Soviet loan demanding state grain requisitioning caused food shortages and localised famines
84% population in rural areas, 88% investment into urban industry
1949-1952 –> 1952-1956: Agricultural production – 14% –> 2%
Low supply of consumer goods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Agricultural production: 1953-56

A

Only an average of 2% as compared with the planned 23%

19
Q

Communes (4)

A

5500 households
740,000 APCs –> 26,000 communes
Organised agriculture, industry (with self-reliant factories), healthcare and education collectively
Mess halls, creches, boarding schools and retirement facilities

20
Q

Communes: by 1958

A

99% of all peasant households organised into communes

21
Q

Reality of communes (3)

A

Food was of poor quality
Women were forced into harsh labour
Commune militia enforced rules

22
Q

Four Pests Campaign (2)

A

Introduced in 1958 as agricultural production still lagged

Ridding China of sparrows, rats, flies and mosquitoes

23
Q

Consequences of the Four Pests Campaign (2)

A

Crops left rotting as villagers wasted time catching sparrows
Caterpillar population rose and began devouring the harvest

24
Q

Lysenkoism

A

Fraudulent theories of agrobiology such as close crop planting and vernalisation created by Trofim Lysenko

25
Q

May 1958

A

The Great Leap Forward (GLF) begins

26
Q

Direction of the 2nd 5YP (3)

A

Decentralisation of production
“Locally” managed production targets
Distancing away from the USSR

27
Q

1959-1961

A

The Great Famine and the Three Bitter Years begins

28
Q

Why the GLF failed (10)

A

Absurd initial targets
Atmosphere of competition between local cadres and ministries
False reported production figures
Inflation of already absurd targets
Grain requisitioning to pay Soviet loan
Lysenkoism
Backyard furnaces – disrupting agricultural production and creating useless steel
Wilful ignorance and blatant corruption of local cadres
Natural disasters
Lack of economically literate planners (Anti-Rightist Campaign and withdrawal of Soviet advisors)

29
Q

Absurdity of the Ministry of Metallurgy’s targets

A

Double steel production to 20 million tons by 1962 and 100 million by 1977

30
Q

Grain exports: 1957-1959

A

1957: 2 million tons
1959: 4 million tons

31
Q

Cost of the backyard furnaces

A

One ton of iron from a backyard furnace cost twice one ton of iron from a modern furnace

32
Q

Henan (2)

A

7.8 million died

Local Party boss built 7 luxurious villas for high-ranking guests

33
Q

July 1959

A

Flooding of the Yellow River drowns thousands and causes massive crop devastation

34
Q

60%

A

Percentage of cultivated land affected by either flood or drought

35
Q

Starvation and horror (5)

A 
Eating tree bark, frogs, worms and excrement
Women unable to give birth
Women sold to prostitution 
Disease rampant
Cannibalism
36
Q

2 July 1959

A

The Lushan Conference wherein Mao’s policies are heavily criticised by Peng Dehuai

37
Q

August-September 1959

A

Defense Minister Peng Dehuai ousted after criticizing Mao; Peng replaced by Lin Biao

38
Q

Estimates of death during the GLF

A

30-50 million people (on the lower estimates)

39
Q

January 1961

A

The CCP begins a reversal of Great Leap Forward policies

40
Q

Industrial production: 1958-1962

A

40% decrease

41
Q

Agricultural production: 1958-1962

A

30% decrease, and, furthermore, the grain left was increasingly requisitioned

42
Q

February 1961

A

Grain exports halted and importation of foreign grain begins

43
Q

Who was to blame for the GLF? (3)

A

Mao retired from day-to-day politics

Liu Shaoqi announced that the problems were due to 30% natural disasters and 70% man-made disasters

44
Q

1961-1965

A

The economy recovers under the moderate and pragmatic reforms of Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping

History (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions