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History > China: Agriculture and Industry > Flashcards

China: Agriculture and Industry Flashcards

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1
Q

30 June 1950

A

Agrarian Reform Law promulgated, formalising the transfer of farmland from landlords to peasant communities

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2
Q

Number of landlords killed: 1949-1952

A

2 million

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3
Q

43%

A

Percentage of land handed over to 60% of the population

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4
Q

Agricultural production: 1950-1952

A

Total agricultural production increased by 15% per annum

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5
Q

December 1951

A

Introduction of co-operative ownership of land

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6
Q

Mutual Aid Teams (MATs) (2)

A

10 or fewer households

Pooled tools, animals, knowledge, experience and labour together

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7
Q

MATs: 1951-1952

A

40% of all peasant households organised into MATs

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8
Q

Agricultural Producers Cooperatives (APCs) (3)

A

30-50 households (or 3-5 MATs)
Pooled tools, animals, knowledge, experience, labour and land
Points exchange system in place based on contribution

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9
Q

APCs: 1952-1955

A

Only 15% of peasant households joined APCs as it was unpopular

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10
Q

APCs: by December 1956 (4)

A

Following Mao’s demand for a quickening of the pace of collectivisation:

Private property and ownership abolished
Membership compulsory
96% of all peasant households organised into APCs
88% of all peasant households organised into higher APCs of 200-300 households

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11
Q

Agricultural production: 1953-56

A

Only an average of 2% as compared with the planned 23%

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12
Q

Direction of the 1st 5YP (3)

A

Centralisation of heavy industry
Clear production targets set and monitored by the Party
Inspired by the USSR

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13
Q

February 1950

A

Signing of the Sino-Soviet Mutual Assistance Treaty

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14
Q

Sino-Soviet Mutual Assistance Treaty (3)

A

Construction of 156 industrial enterprises
11,000 Soviet industrial experts sent to China
Loan of $300 million

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15
Q

Plan’s targets (5)

A 
High growth in steel and coal production
Investment in advanced technology
Construction of modern industrial plants
Autarkic state
22 million tons of grain to be requisitioned to fund industrialisation
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16
Q

Plan’s successes (6)

A

16% annual growth rate
Industrial output more than doubled
1952-1957: Coal production – 98% increase
1949-1957: Urban population – 57 million  100 million
Urban incomes increased by 40%
Workplace input into industrial decision-making

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17
Q

Plan’s failures (4)

A

To pay high interest Soviet loan demanding state grain requisitioning caused food shortages and localised famines
84% population in rural areas, 88% investment into urban industry
1949-1952 –> 1952-1956: Agricultural production – 14% –> 2%
Low supply of consumer goods

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18
Q

Agricultural production: 1953-56

A

Only an average of 2% as compared with the planned 23%

19
Q

Communes (4)

A

5500 households
740,000 APCs –> 26,000 communes
Organised agriculture, industry (with self-reliant factories), healthcare and education collectively
Mess halls, creches, boarding schools and retirement facilities

20
Q

Communes: by 1958

A

99% of all peasant households organised into communes

21
Q

Reality of communes (3)

A

Food was of poor quality
Women were forced into harsh labour
Commune militia enforced rules

22
Q

Four Pests Campaign (2)

A

Introduced in 1958 as agricultural production still lagged

Ridding China of sparrows, rats, flies and mosquitoes

23
Q

Consequences of the Four Pests Campaign (2)

A

Crops left rotting as villagers wasted time catching sparrows
Caterpillar population rose and began devouring the harvest

24
Q

Lysenkoism

A

Fraudulent theories of agrobiology such as close crop planting and vernalisation created by Trofim Lysenko

25
Q

May 1958

A

The Great Leap Forward (GLF) begins

26
Q

Direction of the 2nd 5YP (3)

A

Decentralisation of production
“Locally” managed production targets
Distancing away from the USSR

27
Q

1959-1961

A

The Great Famine and the Three Bitter Years begins

28
Q

Why the GLF failed (10)

A

Absurd initial targets
Atmosphere of competition between local cadres and ministries
False reported production figures
Inflation of already absurd targets
Grain requisitioning to pay Soviet loan
Lysenkoism
Backyard furnaces – disrupting agricultural production and creating useless steel
Wilful ignorance and blatant corruption of local cadres
Natural disasters
Lack of economically literate planners (Anti-Rightist Campaign and withdrawal of Soviet advisors)

29
Q

Absurdity of the Ministry of Metallurgy’s targets

A

Double steel production to 20 million tons by 1962 and 100 million by 1977

30
Q

Grain exports: 1957-1959

A

1957: 2 million tons
1959: 4 million tons

31
Q

Cost of the backyard furnaces

A

One ton of iron from a backyard furnace cost twice one ton of iron from a modern furnace

32
Q

Henan (2)

A

7.8 million died

Local Party boss built 7 luxurious villas for high-ranking guests

33
Q

July 1959

A

Flooding of the Yellow River drowns thousands and causes massive crop devastation

34
Q

60%

A

Percentage of cultivated land affected by either flood or drought

35
Q

Starvation and horror (5)

A 
Eating tree bark, frogs, worms and excrement
Women unable to give birth
Women sold to prostitution 
Disease rampant
Cannibalism
36
Q

2 July 1959

A

The Lushan Conference wherein Mao’s policies are heavily criticised by Peng Dehuai

37
Q

August-September 1959

A

Defense Minister Peng Dehuai ousted after criticizing Mao; Peng replaced by Lin Biao

38
Q

Estimates of death during the GLF

A

30-50 million people (on the lower estimates)

39
Q

January 1961

A

The CCP begins a reversal of Great Leap Forward policies

40
Q

Industrial production: 1958-1962

A

40% decrease

41
Q

Agricultural production: 1958-1962

A

30% decrease, and, furthermore, the grain left was increasingly requisitioned

42
Q

February 1961

A

Grain exports halted and importation of foreign grain begins

43
Q

Who was to blame for the GLF? (3)

A

Mao retired from day-to-day politics

Liu Shaoqi announced that the problems were due to 30% natural disasters and 70% man-made disasters

44
Q

1961-1965

A

The economy recovers under the moderate and pragmatic reforms of Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping

History (6 decks)

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