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History > China: The Cultural Revolution > Flashcards

China: The Cultural Revolution Flashcards

1
Q

February 1963

A

Mao drafts the “Early Ten Points” which proposed a mass mobilisation of the masses to criticise the Party bureaucracy

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2
Q

Four Clean Ups

A

Economy | Organisation | Politics | Ideology, all should be cleansed of revisionist state bureaucratism

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3
Q

Later Ten Points

A

Deng Xiaoping revises Mao’s Early Ten Points and insists that mass mobilisation should be organised by work teams of cadres and disruption kept to a minimum

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4
Q

Hai Rui Dismissed from Office (2)

A

A play written by the deputy mayor of Beijing, Wu Han, which seemed like an attack on Mao’s dismissal of Peng Dehuai
In 1965, Mao used the play to force the resignation of both Wu Han and Beijing mayor Peng Zhen by painting them as right-wing revisionists

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5
Q

March 1966

A

The Cultural Revolution Group is formed, consisting of ideologues such as: Chen Boda, Jiang Qing, Yao Wenyuan and Zhang Chunqiao

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6
Q

July 1966

A

Mao swims in the Yangzi River in a widely publicised event marking his return to politics

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7
Q

5 August 1966

A

Mao launches attacks on State President Liu Shaoqi in a big-character poster entitled “Bombard the Headquarters”

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8
Q

The Red Guards

A

Mao’s revolutionary soldiers, made up of young people, organised into local groups who were loyal to Mao and not the Party

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9
Q

Why were young people drawn to the Cultural Revolution? (6)

A

Mao’s popularity during his early years (the Civil War, Land Reform and the Korean War)
Mao provided an outlet for youth against the rigid Confucian norms
Pragmatic careerism for the children of lower Party cadres
An opportunity for some children (or the “Black Elements”) to overcompensate for their family’s mistakes
A chance for some to travel the country and experience freedom
Peer pressure

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10
Q

18 August 1966

A

1st mass rally in Tiananmen Square attended by over a million people – the Cultural Revolution begins in earnest

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11
Q

19 August 1966

A

The Four Olds Campaign is launched

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12
Q

The Four Olds Campaign

A

A campaign to destroy “old customs, culture, habits and ideas” – by storming private properties, burning books, destroying historical sites and beating up people

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13
Q

7 million

A

The number of library books lost, stolen or destroyed in 4 provinces alone

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14
Q

Tibetan cultural destruction (4)

A

Buddhist scriptures ripped up and used as toilet paper
Prayer flags taken down
Long hair ordered to be cut
All valuables in monasteries were ordered to be emptied

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15
Q

Daxing County

A

Across 2 days 300 people in Daxing County were beaten to death in public

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16
Q

August-November 1966

A

8 mass rallies were held in Tiananmen Square

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17
Q

Escalating anarchy (3)

A

Rival Red Guard factions fighting
Violence between rural Red Guards and farmers
Mao could not control a movement that was built on opposing all control

18
Q

Industrial production: 1966-1976

A

Industrial production ground to a halt and fell by 14%

19
Q

130 million

A

The number of young people who stopped attending school or university between 1966 and 1970

20
Q

January Storm (5)

A

30th December 1966 – January 1967
100,000 radical Red Guards composed of underprivileged workers defeated 20,000 opposing Red Guards who had been mobilised by the local Party
Radicals destroyed party establishment and modelled new forms of control on the Paris Commune of 1871
Meted out violence and torture on opposing Red Guards

21
Q

PLA vs Red Guards (3)

A

February 1967: Commander of the PLA protests against Mao’s encouragement of chaos
April 1967: PLA kills 1000 Red Guards in Wuhan
PLA prevents Red Guards from seizing hydrogen bomb facilities

22
Q

Liu Shaoqi (5)

A

Subjected to constant struggle meetings
Beaten, abused, held in solitary confinement and lost the ability to speak
Stripped of all posts
Family sentenced to solitary confinement or labour
Died on 12 November 1969 after being denied medical care

23
Q

Deng Xiaoping (2)

A

Sent to work in a tractor factory in the countryside

His son attempting to escape torture by jumping out a window – left paralysed from the waist down

24
Q

80%

A

Percentage of regional Party cadres that were purged during the Cultural Revolution

25
Q

Purge of the Central Committee

A

2/3 of the Central Committee deposed

26
Q

How many officials were killed in the purges of the Cultural Revolution?

A

Over 500,000

27
Q

What happened to the British Embassy during the Cultural Revolution?

A

Staff in the embassy were beaten and the building set on fire

28
Q

September 1967 (3)

A

Revolutionary Committees, instead of autonomous communes, are formed by Mao to administer regional areas
Gave token representation to radicals and mass organisation
Recalled previous personnel who had been purged

29
Q

1.84 million

A

The number of people arrested by the PLA for allegedly being “spies” or “counter-revolutionaries”

30
Q

22 December 1968

A

Mao starts the “Up to the mountain, down to the village” or the send-down movement

31
Q

The Send-down Movement

A

Wherein 18 million Red Guards were sent to remote areas of the countryside so they could, ostensibly, learn from peasants but were, in reality, being rid of

32
Q

April 1969 (3)

A

The Ninth National Congress of the CCP
The violent phase of the Cultural Revolution ends
Lin Biao named Mao’s successor

33
Q

1971

A

The beginning of Sino-American rapprochement.

34
Q

September 1971 (2)

A

Death of Lin Biao in a plane crash after fleeing Mao’s security forces Accused of planning a coup using the PLA which had gained immense political power during the Cultural Revolution

35
Q

April 1973

A

Deng Xiaoping is recalled by Mao and reappears in public for the first time since the Cultural Revolution

36
Q

1974: Moderates

A

Zhou Enlai, Deng Xiaoping, and other moderate leaders chip away at policies introduced during the Cultural Revolution

37
Q

1974: Ideologues

A

The Gang of Four mount a campaign to “criticize Confucius” – a veiled attack on Zhou Enlai in order to defend the Cultural Revolution

38
Q

January 1976

A

Zhou Enlai dies

39
Q

February 1976

A

Hua Guofeng named acting premier and therefore Mao’s successor

40
Q

April 1976

A

A mass demonstration occurs in Beijing’s Tiananmen Square over the removal of wreaths honouring Zhou Enlai

41
Q

9 September 1976

A

Mao Zedong dies

42
Q

October 1976

A

Hua Guofeng leads the arrest of the Gang of Four (Jiang Qing, Zhang Chunqiao, Wang Hongwen and Yao Wenyuan)

History (6 decks)

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