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Chemistry > Using Resources > Flashcards

Using Resources Flashcards

1
Q

What do we use the worlds natural resources for

A

Food, clothing, shelter, warmth, shelter

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2
Q

Examples of renewable resources

A

Solar, wind, hydroelectric, geothermal

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3
Q

What is potable water

A

Water that is safe for human consumption

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4
Q

What 2 things must potable water contain not a lot of to be safe to drink

A

Microbes and salts

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5
Q

How to create potable water from rain water

A
  1. Leaves and large stones removed through filter
  2. Water moves through settlement tank where any sediment goes to the bottom of the tank
  3. Add aluminium sulfate to make particles clump together
  4. Water is passed through gravel and sand to remove more sediment
  5. Sterilization, microbes killed with chlorine or UV light
  6. Check pH and adjust
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6
Q

Which countries use rainwater for potable water

A

UK

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7
Q

How to get potable water from sea water distillation

A

Desalination
1. Heat the sea water to boiling point
2. Steam rises out and condenses in a condensing tube
3. Salt is left behind

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8
Q

Downsides of distillation of sea water

A

Expensive to boil water
Not all water boils and this is hard to get rid of

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9
Q

How to get potable water from sea water reverse osmosis

A

Force water through a semi-permeable membrane at high pressure
Ions and microbes are trapped behind the membrane

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10
Q

Downsides of reverse osmosis of sea water

A

Leaves behind alot of waste water
Membranes are expensive

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11
Q

How is sewage a danger to the rivers

A

Microbes grow highly in sewage waters and use up all resources

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12
Q

What are the steps in the treatment of sewage water

A
  1. Large objects are filtered from the water through screening
  2. Large paddles swoosh the water and solid sludge sinks to the bottom
  3. bacteria feed aerobically on the remaining sludge and kill harmful bacteria
  4. Bacteria removed in secondary sedimentation
  5. Sterilized using chlorine, UV or ozone
  6. Biogas tank anaerobically digests sludge
  7. Used as biofuel or pumped into seas/ river
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13
Q

How to measure the mass of dissolved solids in water

A
  1. Take the mass of an evaporating basin
  2. Placed water in an evaporating basin and record it
  3. Heat all of the water away
  4. Measure the new mass of basin and minus the basin prior
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14
Q

What is a life cycle assessment

A

Assess the environmental impact of a product through its life

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15
Q

Stages in measuring life cycle assessment

A
  1. Environmental impact of raw materials needed to make the products and processing them
  2. Manufacturing and packaging of the product
  3. Use of product at the end of it’s lifetime
  4. Disposal of product
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16
Q

Methods of disposal

A

Incineration
Landfill
Recycle

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17
Q

Negatives of LCA

A

Biases
What should you measure

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18
Q

Advantages of recycling materials

A

Fewer mining and resources used
Avoids high energy costs
Avoids greenhouse gases

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19
Q

Disadvantages of recycling materials

A

Transport of materials
Metals can be difficult to sort

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20
Q

Positive of biological extracting

A

Doesn’t scar landscape

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21
Q

Negative of biological extracting

A

Slow

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21
Q

How to extract low grade copper ores

A

Phytomining
Plants absorb the metal ions in the soil
Plants are harvested and burned
The ash is dissolved in an acid
Copper is extracted by electrolysis or displacement with iron

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22
Q

How to extract copper rich ores

A

Smelting
Burn copper carbonate so it goes to copper oxide
Add sulfuric acid to get copper sulfate
Displace copper with iron or electrolysis

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23
Q

What is bioleaching and when is it used

A

Bacteria is used to produce a leachate which is an acidic solution that contains copper ions
Copper is displaced with iron
Low grade copper

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24
Q

When do metals corrode

A

When exposed to oxygen

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25
Q

What rusts

A

Iron, steel

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26
Q

How is rusting prevented

A

Water absobers
Painting
Coating with plastic
Oiling
Galvanising

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27
Q

What is electroplating

A

Thin layer of metal is applied on top of another to protect from corrosion

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28
Q

How do you do electroplating

A

Positive anode- plating metal
Negative cathode- iron/steel

29
Q

What is sacrificial protection

A

Metals are put in contact with more reactive metals
The more reactive metal reacts with all the oxygen

30
Q

What is galavnising

A

Sacrificial protection, with zinc coating iron

31
Q

What is bronze an alloy of

A

Copper and tin

32
Q

What is brass an alloy of

A

Copper and zinc

33
Q

What is gold alloyed with

A

Silver, zinc, copper

34
Q

3 types of steel alloys

A

Stainless steel
High-carbon
Low-carbon

35
Q

High- carbon steel property

A

Strong Brittle

36
Q

Low- carbon steel propety

A

Easily shaped

37
Q

How is glass made

A

Heating a mixture of sand, limestone and sodium carbonate

38
Q

What is the most common type of glass and what is it used for

A

Windows, glass bottles, jars
Soda-lime glass

39
Q

What is the lesser common type of glass and its uses

A

Borosillicate glass
Laboratory

40
Q

How do you make borosillicate glass

A

Heat sand and boron trioxide

41
Q

Properties of borosillicate glass

A

Higher meting point

42
Q

How is ceramic made of clay

A

Shaped then placed into a furnace
Coated in glaze

43
Q

What are polymer properties dependent on

A

Monomer used and the conditions used to create the polymer

44
Q

2 types of poly(ethene)

45
Q

How to make LDPE

A

200C high pressure

46
Q

How to make HDPE

A

Lower temp and pressure than LDPE catalyst

47
Q

LDPE properties and uses

A

Bags and bottles
Can be moulded

48
Q

HDPE properties and uses

A

Stronger
Pipes
Buckets

49
Q

What are the 2 types of polymer

A

Thermo-softening
Thermo-setting

50
Q

Thermo-softening polymer

A

Lots of individual polymer chains tangled together
Weak intermolecular forces

51
Q

Thermo-setting polymer

A

Made up of lots of individual polymer chains held together by strong ionic/ covalent bonds

51
Q

What is a composite

A

A reinforcement bound together by a matrix

52
Q

Wood as a composite

A

Reinforcement: Cellulose
Matrix: Lignin

53
Q

Fibreglass as a composite

A

Reinforcement: Carbon fibre
Matrix: Polymer resin

54
Q

Concrete as a composite

A

Reinforcement: Gravel
Matrix: Cement

55
Q

Steps in the Haber process

A
  1. Nitrogen and ammonia pumped through pipes
  2. Compressor increases pressure to 200 atmospheres
  3. Pass them through tank with iron catalysts and heat to 450C
  4. Cools so ammonia liquifies and excess hydrogen and nitrogen are passes into the tank
56
Q

Where is nitrogen obtained from

56
Q

Why are fertilizers needed

A

To restore mineral ions that plants take out of the soil when they grow

56
Q

Where is hydrogen obtained from

A

Natural gas

57
Q

What are NPK fertilisers

A

They contain Nitrogen, Phosphorus and potassium

58
Q

3 NPK fertilizers

A

Ammonium nitrate
Ammonium phosphate
Potassium nitrate

59
Q

What type of substance is an ammonia

60
Q

Phosphate rock + nitric acid

A

Calcium nitrate and phosphoric acid

61
Q

Phosphate rock + phosphoric acid

A

TRIPLE SUPERPHOSPHATE

62
Q

How to make sulfuric acid

A

Sulfur + oxygen Sulfurdioxide
Sulfur dioxide + oxygen 450C Sulfur Trioxide
Sulfure trioxide + water Sulfuric acid

63
Q

Steps to make ammonium sulfate

A
  1. Measure ammonia and pour into conical flask
  2. 2-3 drops of methyl orange, turns orange
  3. Burette contains sulfuric acid, Sulfurci acid until indicator turns red
  4. Record volume of acid used
  5. Experiment is repeated, no indicator, solution is heated in basin
64
Q

Advantages of industrial method

A

Continous method
Quick
Automated mechanisms

65
Q

Advantages of labaratory method

A

Batch process
Cheap

66
Q

What do we do with the temperature in a Haber process and why?

A

We should use low as we have a greater yeild
However we actually use high for rate of reaction

Chemistry (10 decks)

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