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Chemistry > Bonding, structures and properties of matter > Flashcards

Bonding, structures and properties of matter Flashcards

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1
Q

How do substances melt

A

Energy transfer to the particles causes the attractive forces between the particles to weaken

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2
Q

How do substances evaporate

A

Chemical bonds in the substances are overcome

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3
Q

Difference between boiling and evaporation

A

In evaporation particles only leave the substance from the surface
In boling bubbles of gas form throughout the liquid and rise to the surface

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4
Q

A higher attractive force means

A

Higher melting and boiling point
because more energy is needed to overcome them

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5
Q

Describe particles in a solid

A

Regular lattice/ pattern
Vibrate around a fixed point
Low amount of kinetic energy
Particles cannot be compressed
Do not fill a container

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6
Q

Describe particles in a liquid

A

Irregular pattern
Move around
More kinetic energy than solid
Particles cannot be compressed
Particles fill a container from the bottom

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7
Q

Describe particles in gas

A

Randomly arranged
Particles moves fast and in any direction
Highest amount of kinetic energy
Completely fill a container
Particles can be compressed

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8
Q

Why is the model used to show particles in a solid liquid gas limited

A

Particles are represented as solid spheres
Particles aren’t always sphereical
Particles like atoms are mostly empty space

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9
Q

Metal ions charge

A

Positive

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10
Q

In metallic bonding positive metal ions are surrounded by

A

A sea of negative electrons

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11
Q

What holds metallic bonding together

A

Electrostatic force between metal ions and electrons

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12
Q

How do alloys make metals harder

A

The mixture of different metal atoms distorts the regular lattice layers and prevents them from sliding over each other making alloys harder to bend

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13
Q

Ionic bonding is between

A

Metal and non-metal

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14
Q

What holds ionic bonds together

A

Electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions

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15
Q

Ionic compounds form structures called

A

Giant lattices

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16
Q

Properties of ionic compounds

A

High melting point, energy needed to overcome electrostatic bonds
High boiling point
Can’t conduct electricity as ions cannot move around the substance
However can conduct electricity as liquid or solution

17
Q

Simple covalent properties

A

Low melting/ boiling points
Weak intermolecular forces
Do not conduct electricity

18
Q

Describe the diamond giant covalent structure

A

Each carbon bonded to 4 other carbons
Very strong
Alot of energy needed to break bonds
High melting/boiling point
Does not conduct electricity has no free floating electrons

19
Q

Describe the silicon dioxide giant covalent structure

A

Similar to diamond but not bonded to as many particles

20
Q

Describe the graphite giant covalent structure

A

Each carbon bonded to 3 other carbons
Arranged hexagonally
Each carbon has 1 delocalised electron that can carry electricity through the substance
Millions of layers on top of each other
Layers are held together by the weak intermolecular forces
Layers can slide over each other because of no covalent bond between the layers
High melting point as there is alot of energy required to break the 3 bonded carbons

21
Q

Describe the graphene giant covalent structure

A

Strong due to 3 covalent bonds for every carbon
Conduct electricity due to delocalised electrons

22
Q

2 Uses of graphene

A

Added to other materials to make them stronger
Used in electrics and composites

23
Q

What type of particles have a large SA:V ratio

A

Nanoparticles

24
Q

What size is nanoparticles

A

1-100nm

24
Q

What size is fine particles

A

100-2500nm

25
Q

What size is course particles

A

2500-10000nm

26
Q

What are polymers made of

A

Monomers

26
Q

What are polymers held together by

A

Covalent bonds

27
Q

Which type of polymers have stronger forces of attraction

A

Long ones

28
Q

Buckminister fullerijne formula

A

C60

29
Q

Usesof Fullerene

A

Deliver drugs into the body

30
Q

Uses of carbon nanotube

A

Electronics, nanotechnology, strengthening materials

31
Q

Risks of nanoparticles

A

Easily be inhaled (so)
Initiate harmful reactions
Toxic substances bind to them because of SA:V ratio

32
Q

Nanoparticle application

A

Medicine, cosmetic, sun cream, deodrants, catalysts

33
Q

Risk of nanoparticles being a modern technology

A

Difficult for scientists to know the risks for them

Chemistry (10 decks)

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