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USING RECOURCES cgp Flashcards

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1
Q

Most of the glass we use is….
a limit of this glass
how is this made, 3 ‘ingredients’

another type of glass-
made same way as normal glass but different materials- 2 materials
Difference between these two glasses
uses of this glass

A

soda lime glass
low melting point
heating sand, sodium carbonate and limestone in furnace (till melts, when it cools it, solidifies into any shape u want)
-Borosilicate-
sand and boron trioxide
Borosilicate has higher melting point than soda lime glass
kitchen/lab ware

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2
Q

what is bronze used for
what is brass used for
what is aluminium alloy used for

properties of high carbon steel and uses
properties of low carbon steel and uses
properties of stainless steel and uses
what is stainless steel made from

A

statues (where low friction is required)
water taps
make aircrafts

-high- very hard, brittle- blades for cutting tools
-low- soft ,easily shaped- car bodies
-stainless steel- hard, corrosion resistant- container for corrosive substance
- made from chromium and nickel

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3
Q

-2 types of ceramics
-what is clay used to make x2 and describe how we make stuff with it
-properties of glass when hot, when thin
-where is clay found

A

glass and clay
bricks, pottery, shape wet clay and heat in furnace
glass mouldable when hot. Brittle when thin
-mineral in ground

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4
Q

what are composites made of
properties of composites are similiar/ different to materials used-
4 examples of composites- what are the materials and overall properties-
.
fibreglass
carbonfibre
concrete
wood

A

-fibres/ fragments of a material - the reinforcement, surrounded by a matrix, acting as a binder
- different
/
.
-fibres of glass in matrix of polymer(plastic). Low density, strong
-carbon nanotubes / chains of carbon atoms in a matrix of polymer. strong and light
-aggregate embedded in matrix of cement,. strong
-cellulose fibres in organic polymer matrix

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5
Q

what influences properties of polymers x2
how is LD and HD polyethene made-
how are the properties different

A

monomers they are made from and conditions its made under.
-LD- made from ethene at mid temp + high pressure
-HD- made from ethene at lower temp + pressure + a catalyst

LD- flexible (Used for bottles) HD-rigid (used for drainpipes)

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6
Q

difference between thermo- softening/setting polymers
why

A

Thermosoftening polymers melt when heated (mouldable)
Thermosetting polymers dont (strong, rigid)
-In Thermosetting, monomers form cross-links between polymer chains so chains held in solid structure
- in thermosoftening, polymer chains entwined with weak forces
-

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7
Q

ceramics, polymers, composites, metals
- which 2 are insulators
-1 ductile
-1 good conductor
-1 brittles
-2 stiff
- 1 can be flexible

A

.
- cermaics, polymers
-metal
-metal
-ceramics
-metal, ceramics
-polymer

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8
Q

hows a alloy made-
alloy of iron is called….. This is made by
bronze is an alloy of..
brass is an alloy of…..
gold used in jewellery is usually an alloy of….
pure gold is ….. carats. 18 carats is …..%
property of aluminium alloy and why is it alloyed

A

add another element to metal
steel - add small% carbon and other metals to pure iron
copper and tin
copper and zinc
silver, copper , zinc
24 carats= pure 18 carats= 75%
low density, pure is too soft, alloyed make it stronger

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9
Q

-what is corrosion
-Corrosion in iron is called ……. This only happens when iron in contact with …. + …..
-3 ways of preventing rust by coating- describe each
-why does aluminium not completely corrode

A

-destruction of materials by chemical reactions with substances in environment
-rusting
-water, oxygen (air)
greasing,- used when moving parts involved
painting,/ coating with plastic
electroplating- coat material with different metal that won’t corrode
-aluminium has oxide coating which doesn’t flake away. Protects metal from further corrosion by stopping further reactions

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10
Q

equation for rust in iron- iron+Oxygen+water=
How to prove iron needs O2 + water to rust:
3 boiling tubes sealed with nail inside
1- water 2-Oxygen 3-both
-how do u make sure only 1 substance in first 2 tubes
- why is rusting iron heavier then normal iron

A

-hydrated iron oxide
-1- boiled distilled water, oil on top stop air getting in
-2- anhydrous calcium chloride poweder-absorb water from air
-iron atoms bond to form compound with O2 + H2O molecules

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11
Q

explain sacrificial protection against rust
what are ceramics
how can object be galvanised- protected in two ways

A

put more reactive substance with iron . H2O + O2 react w/ other metal instead eg zinc/magnesium
-non metal solid w/ high m.p + not made from carbon based compounds
spray with more reactive metal- protective layer + if scratched , reactive metal works as sacrificial method

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12
Q

-recources used for… x4
-natural recources provide-
-what does agriculture do and example
-eg of natural recourse replaced by synthetic product
-eg of renewable recourse-
-eg of non renewable recourses(materials/ fuels)
-why r they considered non renewable

A

energy for warmth, transport. Food. shelter
fuel, timber, clothing, food
provides conditions to enhance natural resources eg-fertiliser
rubber- extracted from tree sap. Man made polymers replace it eg in tyres
timber- grow quick
-fossil fuels. nuclear fuels—uranium +plutonium. Minerals + metals in ores
-aren’t formed quick enough to be considered replaceable

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13
Q

eg of finite recourse undergoing a process to be used
-weigh out risk/ benefits of extracting finite recource eg mining metal ore

A

crude oil- fractional distillation. metals- reduced-pure petal
mining metal ore
-useful product- jobs, money to area
-enviromental impact- lots of energy used, damage landscape, lots of waste, destroy habitat

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14
Q

describe process of phytomining 4 points

A

grow plants in soil containing copper ores
Copper builds up in leaves and plant harvested, dried, burnt
ash contains soluble copper compounds
ash dissolved in acid (to produce solution of a copper compound)
copper extracted by electrolysis of solution
/ displacement of copper from solution ( eg w/ iron )

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15
Q

-describe process of bioleaching x3

A

-Bacteria
convert copper compounds in ore into solutions of copper compounds- a leachate solution
-Copper ions in Leachate extracted by electrolysis/ displacement w/ more reactive metal eg srap iron

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16
Q

2 pro + 1 con of bioleaching + phytomining

A

-traditional methods eg mining damage environment. New methods have smaller impact
-improves sustainability- uses low grade ores, high grade ores are limited- makes reserves of ore last longer
- new methods are slow

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17
Q

pros of recycling metals x4

A

uses less energy than mining and extracting-from fossil fuels
SO less environmental impact
conserves finite amount of metals in earth-reduce use of raw materials
reduces waste sent to landfill

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18
Q

How are metals recycled
Amount of separation needed for recycling depends on….x2—— For Example…..

What does s blast furnace do

A

melting, recasting/reforming into different product
the material + properties needed for final product
Scrap steel added to iron from blast furnace to reduce amount of iron that needs to be extracted from iron ore
-blast furnace extracts iron from ore at high temp using carbon

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19
Q

Product that can be reused
How, why
What is done if other forms can’t be reused

A

glass bottles
crushed + melted to a different glass product or for insulating eg in homes
glass separated by colour , chemical composition+ recycled

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20
Q

5 eg of materials made from limited raw materials
What is the issue with producing these materials x3

A

-metal,glass,building material,clay ceramics,most plastics

-made from limited raw materials
-energy for manufacturing also comes from limited recources
-getting the raw material by mining/quarrying causes damage
( quarrying produces lots of dust, destroys habitats)

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21
Q

what 4 things analysed in LCA’s

A

environmental impact at these stages:
extracting + processing raw materials
manufacturing + packaging
use + operation during lifetime
Disposal at the end of its life, inc transport + distribution.

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22
Q

what could u comment on about the following in LCA
extracting + processing
manufacturing + packaging
use of product
product disposal

A

-extracting raw material damage local environment + cause pollution due to energy needed
-processing raw material = alot of energy used

-manufacturing uses energy recources + causes pollution
-Manufacturing cause harmful fumes- (eg CO hydrogen chloride)
- how would you dispose waste products (eg from chemical reactions done to raw material)
-waste products can be turned into useful chemicals to reduce pollution

-use can damage environment- burning fuels releases greenhouse gas-fertilisers leach into water- damage ecosystems
-how many uses can a person get, high energy manufacturing + high use rate may = less waste long term

-normally disposed in landfill, takes up space , pollutes land + water
-energy to transport waste= more pollutants released
-if incinerated- adds to air pollution

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23
Q

carry out a LCA on
a paper bag made of crude oil VS paper bag made of timber

raw material- already told above
manufacturing + packaging
use
disposal

A

plastic-
MANUFACTURING+PACKAGING
-compound to make plastic extracted from crude oil by fractional distillation, then cracking, then polymerisation
-waste reduced- other fractions of crude oil have other uses
USE
-can be reused,
-has multiple uses eg bin liner + shopping
DISPOSAL
-recyclable, not BIODEGRADABLE
-will take up space in landfill
-pollutes land
paper-
MANUFACTURING+PACKAGING
-pulped timber processed using lots of energy, more than plastic
-lots of waste made
USE
-only used once
DISPOSAL
-biodegradable
-non toxic
-can be recycled

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24
Q

problens w/ LCA’s x2

A

Water, resources, energy , production of waste- easily quantified
-Effects of pollutants hard to give numerical value to, less straightforward, requires judgement - can be biased-not fully objective

(hard to apply a value to -ve visual effects of plastic Vs paper bag)

-selective/ abbreviated LCA’s show SOME of the impacts of a product but reach PREDETERMINED CONCLUSIONS. Biased, written to support company claims for +ve advertising

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25
Q

how can the use of aluminium soft drink cans be more sustainable

A

reuse the cans
recycle the cans

26
Q

what is potable water, why is it important
is potable water pure, why, why not
Drinking water for humans should be….. x3
The methods to make water potable depend on…. x2

A

water that is safe to drink- either treated or naturally- essential for life.
NO, contains dissolved substances (not just H2O)
1 pH btwn 6.5 and 8.5
2 low level of dissolved salts
3 low level/ no microbes/bacteria
-supplies of water available
-local conditions

27
Q

rainwater is a type of…..
where do we get our water from in UK x2

what about in drier areas of UK

3 steps to get potable water

A

fresh water-not much dissolved in it

from rain water that collects in:
the ground- in rocks called aquifers
in lakes/rivers
- surface water can dry up, most water supply comes from groundwater.

choose source of fresh water
pass water through filter beds
sterilising

28
Q

how is fresh rain water made potable
2 steps- what happens
+ alternative ways to carry out the steps

A

-1)FILTERED w/ wire mesh to screen out large twigs ect
THEN use gravel + sand beds filter out solid bits

2) STERILISED- to kill harmful bacteria/microbes
-bubble chlorine gas through water
-OR use ozone / ultraviolet light

29
Q

how is potable water made if not enough fresh water
cons of these methods x2

A

sea water/salt water desalinated (reduce level of dissolved minerals) by
:distillation
:process w/ membranes -reverse osmosis

require a lot of energy SO its expensive
not practical for producing large quantities of fresh water

30
Q

how does reverse osmosis work-

A

salty water passed through membrane-
water molecules pass through, Ions + Larger molecules trapped by membrane, separated

31
Q

potable water and water treatment RP
How would you test and alter ph-2 ways
- why is 1 of these ways not great
How would you test for sodium chloride(main salt in seawater) 5 points

A

test Ph of water w/ water meter. neutralise it-
Add alkali if ph is too low, add acid if ph is too high till reaches 6.5/
to 8.5
OR
use a titration to neutralise it- adding indicator will contaminate the water.

-test for sodium ions- do flame test on sample ,
if ions present, flame turns orange
-test for chlorine ions- add drops dilute nitric acid to water,
then drops of silver nitrate solution.
if chlorine ions present, white precipitate forms.

32
Q

potable water and water treatment RP
How would you distill the water to make it potable

A

pour salty water into distillation apparatus
heat flask from below
water boils+ condenses to be collected, dissolved solids left in flask
retest the distilled water. see if sodium chloride removed.
retest Ph for between 6.5 to 8.5

33
Q

urban lifestyles and …………… ……. produce large amounts of waste …….- requires ………. before being released into ………..

what happens to water humans use eg in the home
what water waste do agricultural systems produce

A

Urban lifestyles and industrial processes produce large amounts of waste water- requires treatment bfore being released into environment.

-goes to sewers to sewage treatment plants
-nutrient runoff, slurry from animal farms

34
Q

what happens to sewage/agricultural waste water,
why x2

What happens to industrial waste water
-why
-example of industrial process that makes waste water

A

-treated to remove organic matter, harmful microbes. Then put back into fresh water sources.
-would make rivers/lakes polluted, health risks

-undergoes additional treatment stages to remove organic matter and harmful chemicals
-haber process

35
Q

5 brief stages of sewage treatment

A

screening and grit removal
sedimentation to produce sewage sludge + effluent
anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge
anaerobic biological treatment of effluent
gas and digested waste produced

36
Q

6 stages of sewage treatment
-screening
-sedementation
-effluent + explain
-sludge + explain
-extra

A

-sewage screened through mesh- remove grit and solids (eg plastic bag)
-sewage stands in settlement tank-sedimentation happens- heavier suspended solid sinks to produce sludge. lighter liquid effluent floats
-effluent removed + treated by aerobic digestion.
=Air bubbled through water- causes aerobic bacteria to multiply + encourages them to break down organic matter + other microbes
-sludge from bottom of tank removed + transferred into large tanks. Broken down by bacteria in anaerobic digestion.
=anaerobic digestion- organic matter in sludge broken down. - Bio gas-(methane gas) released - burned as energy source, remaining digested sludge used as fertiliser
-waste water w/ toxic substances- first have extra treatment like adding chemicals, UV radiation, membranes

37
Q

compare the ease of getting potable water from waste, ground, salt water

  • 2 cons of waste water/ salt water made potable
A

-waste water-more processes needed than treating fresh water
-ppl x like idea of drinking treated waste water
-uses less energy then desalination of salt water
-used where there’s not much fresh water
-desalination of salt water- expensive- uses alot of energy
-easiest way to get potable water= ground water from aquifers- safe to drink once treated w/ chlorine- water can be polluted eg from fertilisers, water needs to be carefully treated

38
Q

what does the haber process do
where do the raw materials for the process come from

A

produce ammonia -used to produce nitrogen based fertilisers
N2+3H2 ⇌ 2NH3 nitrogen+hydrogen=ammonia
nitrogen- from the air (78% nitrogen)
Hydrogen- From reacting METHANE from natural gas w/ STEAM to give hydrogen + carbon dioxide

39
Q

The Haber Process- explain
4 steps

A

-purified hydrogen+ Nitrogen passed over iron catalyst
-high temp-450*c
-high pressure- 200 atm
-some hydrogen + nitrogen react to form ammonia

40
Q

the haber process is reversible, what does this mean

What state is the ammonia when it forms. What happens to it
how is haber process low waste
What is the ammonia used for

A

some ammonia produced breaks back down into hydrogen and nitrogen- it eventually reaches dynamic equilibrium.

-formed as gas. Cools in condenser +liquifies . Then removed.
-Unused H and N recycled so nothing wasted
-ammonia used to make ammonium nitrate

41
Q

what affect the rate of reaction in haber process
what affects yield- the position of equilibrium

A

temp, pressure, presence of catalyst
temp, pressure

42
Q

equation for haber process X need to know by heart
what is produced

Why is haber process important

A

N2 (g)+3H2(g) ⇌ 2NH3 (g) nitrogen+hydrogen= ammonia (heat)
ammonia and heat

-ammonia important fertiliser, helped population grow

43
Q

explain the trade off btwn rate of production and postion of equillibrium with temperature in Haber Process
4 points

A

-Forward reaction is exothermic- increasing temp will move equilibrium away from ammonia, towards Nitrogen and hydrogen
-Yield will be bigger at lower temp. BUT….
-low temp = slower rate of reaction- equilibrium reached slowly
-450*c is a compromise btwn maximum yield of ammonia and speed of reaction.

44
Q

use equillibrium and yield to explain why 200 atm is used for haber process x4

what does the catalyst do
what catalyst is used

A

-high pressure will move equillibrium towards product- RHS bcse 4 molecules on LHS for every 2 molecules on RHS.
-yield AND rate of reaction increase at higher pressure.
-pressure set as high as possible- 200atm w/out making process TOO costly and dangerous(to build+ maintain)

-iron catalyst increases rate , X affect yield

45
Q

why are formulated fertilisers better than manure
x4

A

widely available
easier
don’t smell
have enough of each nutrient do more crops can gow

46
Q

compounds of which 3 main elements are used as fertilisers

What happens if plants X get these elements

NPK fertilisers contain-

A

nitrogen
phosphorous
potassium
-growth and life processes affected-elements may be missing from previously used soil by another crop
-compounds of all 3 elements

47
Q

what do fertilisers do, how does this help the plant and industry

-fertilisers can add more nitrogen to soil-how does this help

A

replace missing elements/provide more
increase crop yield bcse plants grow faster + bigger
-plant use nitrogen to make proteins- grows faster

48
Q

what are NPK fertilisers

what is ammonium nitrate

ammonia is used to make…..

A

formulations of salts of N, P and K in appropriate percentages of the elements
-main compound of nitrogen in NPK fertilisers

ammonium salts + nitric acid

49
Q

how is nitric acid made from ammonia

How is ammonium nitrate made

A

-ammonia reacted w/ oxygen+ water

-ammonia reacts w/ nitric aid
NH 3 ( g ) + HNO 3 ⟶ NH 4 NO 3.

50
Q

how are ammonium salts made
what are they used for
why are they good to be used like this

A

-ammonia reacts w/ acids eg NITRIC ACID .(neutralisation)
Ammonium salts used as fertilisers
-has nitrogen from 2 sources- (ammonia +nitric acid)

51
Q

-where does the potassium in NPK come from x3
-which are the easiest to use-why
-which isn’t- why

A

-from mined: potassium chloride, potassium sulfate, or phosphate rock
-potassium chloride, potassium sulfate-used directly/ need no further processing
-phosphate rock cannot be used directly as a fertiliser as the phosphate salts are insoluble- plants X directly absorb them to use as nutrients

52
Q

3 reactions - phosphate rock w/ AN ACID used to get soluble phosphates
-what are reactions
Neutral
Single
phosphate

A

-nitric acid w/ phosphate rock = phosphoric acid + calcium nitrate

-sulfuric acid w/ phosphate rock= calcium phosphate and calcium sulfate

-phosphoric acid w/ phosphate rock =calcium phosphate

53
Q

-nitric acid w/ phosphate rock = phosphoric acid + calcium nitrate
what do you know about this reaction

A

phosphoric acid contain phosphorous- cannot be added directly to plants-
neutralise w/ ammonia = ammonium phosphate- used in NPK fertilisers.

54
Q

-sulfuric acid w/ phosphate rock= calcium phosphate and calcium sulfate mixture
what do you know about this reaction

A

mixture known as single super phosphate- used in NPK fertilisers.

55
Q

-phosphoric acid w/ phosphate rock =calcium phosphate
what do you know about this reaction

A

product known as triple superphosphate

56
Q

nitric acid w/ phosphate rock =

A

phosphoric acid + calcium nitrate

57
Q

sulfuric acid w/ phosphate rock=

A

calcium phosphate and calcium sulfate mixture(single superphosphate)

58
Q

phosphoric acid w/ phosphate rock =

A

calcium phosphate (triple superphosphate)

59
Q

how is production of ammonium nitrate in industry different to in lab
5 points

A

-reaction carried out in giant vats
-at high concentrations
-very exothermic reaction
-continuous process, thousands of kg made easily

-the heat released is used to evaporate water from the mixture to make concentrated ammonium nitrate product

60
Q

how is production of ammonium nitrate in lab different to in industry
-6 points

A

-reaction carried out in smaller scale by titration, then crystalisation-
-reactants at lower concentration
-lower concentration= less heat produced by reaction = safer to carry out
-produce small amount in 1 go- batch process
-after titration, mixture crystalised to get pure ammonium nitrate crystals
-Crystalisation X used in industry- very slow

61
Q

RP- water
how to check ph of water
-if the ph is 7- is the water pure

A

=use pipette and universal indicator paper
=use a electronic ph probe
-no, may contain dissolved substances
-weigh empty basi, then add in water.
-heat and evaporate all water
-if weight is more than the empty basin, dissooved solids formed crytals on base of basin
-water may still contain dissolved gases- may still not be pure

Chemistry (18 decks)

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