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Organic chemistry (spec) Flashcards

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1
Q

what is crude oil

A

a finite recourse found in rocks

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2
Q

crude oil is the remains of….
3 points

A

an ancient biomass
mainly plankton
that was buried in the mud

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3
Q

crude oil is a mixture of what

A

crude oil is a mixture of hydrocarbon molecules

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4
Q

what are hydrocarbons

A

molecules made up of hydrogen and carbon atoms ONLY

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5
Q

general formula of alkanes

A

Cn H2n+2

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6
Q

first 5 alkanes

A

methane
ethane
propane
butane
pentane

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7
Q

functional group of alkanes

A

there is none

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8
Q

why are alkanes said to be saturated

A

the carbon atoms are all fully bonded to hydrogen atoms

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9
Q

what are most of the hydrocarbons in crude oil called

A

alkanes

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10
Q

what can crude oil be used to produce
x4

A

plastic
petrol
pharmaceuticals
cosmetics

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11
Q

what does viscosity mean

A

the thickness of a fluid

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12
Q

what happens to visosity as the size of the hydrocarbon increases

A

the larger the hydrocarbon, the higher the viscosity
( flow slowly)

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13
Q

what does flammability tell us

A

how easily a hydrocarbon combusts

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14
Q

what happens to flammability as the size of hydrocarbon increseases

A

the larger the hydrocarbon, the lower the flammability

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15
Q

what can you say about flammability of long chain hydrocarbons

A

long chain hydrocarbons are very difficult to burn

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16
Q

what hydrocarbon is used in a bunsen burner. what does this show

A

methane is used in a bunsen burner
show short chain hydrocarbons are very flammable

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17
Q

what is boiling point

A

the temperature at which a liquid turns into a gas

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18
Q

at room temp, what is the state of the first four alkanes.
what does this show

A

gas
shows that short chain hydrocarbons have low boiling points

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19
Q

what are the boiling points of the first 4 alkanes (general)

A

lower than room temp

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20
Q

what happens to bp as the size of the hydrocarbon molecule increases

A

boiling point increases as size of hydrocarbon increases

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21
Q

what does the flammability, boiling point, and viscosity of hydrocarbons influence

A

boiling point, viscosity and flammability
influence how hydrocarbons are used as fuels.

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22
Q

when do hydrocarbon fuels release energy

A

hydrocarbon fuels release energy when COMBUSTED (burned)

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23
Q

during combustion of hydrocarbons,
what happens to the hydrogen and carbon atoms

A

the hydrogen and carbon atoms react with o2
THEY ARE OXIDISED

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24
Q

word equation for complete combustion of alkanes

A

hydrocarbon + oxygen = carbon dioxide + water

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25
Q

balance the following equation (complete combustion of methane)
CH4 + O2 = CO2 + H2O

A

first balance carbons
(already balanced)

then balance Hydrogen
4 in reactants
2 in products
- times products Hydrogen by 2
put large 2 infront of H2O

now balance Oxygen
2 in reactants
4 in products (because u added 2 infront of H2O)

put large 2 infront of reactants O2

=

CH4 + 2 O2 = CO2 + 2 H2O

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26
Q

fir the hydrocarbons in crude oil to be useful, what must we do first

A

separate them using fractional distillation

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27
Q

what happens through fractional distillation (brief)
2 points

A

crude oil is separated into fractions
fractions contain hydrocarbons with similar carbon number

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28
Q

process of fractional distillation
7 points

A

. crude oil is vaporised ( turned into gas by heating)
. the hydrocarbon gases enter the column
. column is hotter at bottom, cooler at top
. hydrocarbon gases rise up column
. as hydrocarbon gases rise up column, they cool down
. when hydrocarbons reach their boiling point in the column they condense (to liquid)
. hydrocarbon fractions then removed

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29
Q

where are the long chain hydrocarbons removed in the fractional column
explain why

A

at the bottom of the column

think of it like this :
long chain hydrocarbons have super high b.p
even at the bottom of the column, it’s not hot enough to keep these hydrocarbons as gases.
therefore they condense and can be collected

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30
Q

what happens to very short chain hydrocarbons in the fractional column
explain why

A

they are removed from the top of the column, still as gases

think of it like this:
.short chain hydrocarbons have really low boiling points
.all throughout the column, the temperature is hot enough to keep these as gases.
.and so they cannot condense and are taken out from the top still in gas form

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31
Q

name 5 products of fractional distillation that are used as fuels
ppk dh !

A

petrol,
diesel,
kerosene,
heavy fuel oil and
liquefied petroleum gases

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32
Q

what does feedstock mean

A

a chemical used to make other chemicals

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33
Q

the fractions can be processed to make feedstock
Feedstocks are used by the petrochemical industry to make things like:

A

solvents
lubricants
detergents
polymers

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34
Q

2 key features of alkanes

A

. their general formula CnH2n+2
. only single covalent bonds between atoms

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35
Q

why do long chain hydrocarbons NOT make good fuels

A

they are not very flammable

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36
Q

what is cracking used for.

A

Hydrocarbons broken down (cracked) to produce smaller,
more useful molecules

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37
Q

what is created from cracking a long chain alkane

A

smaller
alkanes and alkenes

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38
Q

2 ways to carry out cracking

A

catalytic cracking
steam cracking

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39
Q

summarise process of catalytic cracking

A

vaporise the hydrocarbons through high temp
then pass them over a hot catalyst ( to speed up reaction)

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40
Q

summarise process of steam cracking

A

mix the hydrocarbons with steam at a very high temperature

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41
Q

why are alkenes useful, what can they be used for

A

to produce polymers
as a starting material for other chemicals

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42
Q

functional group of alkenes

A

one c=c double bond

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43
Q

whats more reactive, alkene or alkane

A

alkene

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44
Q

how to test for alkene
3 steps

A

.add the molecule to orange .bromine water
shake
. urns colourless if alkene was added

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45
Q

balance the following equation
( cracking of a long chain hydrocarbon )
C25 + H52 = C20 + H42 + C…H….

A

C25 + H52 = C20 + H42 + C5H10

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46
Q

general formula of alkenes

A

CnH2n

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47
Q

what does the displayed formula show us

A

all the atoms and the ecovalent bonds eg
h h
l l
c=c
l l
h h

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48
Q

why are alkenes unsaturated

A

they have 2 less hydrogen atoms
than an alkene with the same carbon number

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49
Q

what does functional group mean

A

the part of a molecule that determines how it reacts

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50
Q

how do you know if molecules belong to the same homologous series

A

they will have the same functional group

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51
Q

what is different about the combustion of alkenes as opposed to alkanes

A

alkenes undergo incomplete comnustion

52
Q

what does combustion of alkenes create

A

water
carbon dioxide
unburnt carbon particles

53
Q

what do you see with the incomplete combustion of alkenes

A

they burn in air with a smoky flame

54
Q

what is hydrogenation

A

when alkenes react with hydrogen
(with a catalyst)
to produce an alkane

55
Q

what conditions are needed for hydrogenation
( alkene reacting with hydrogen to form an alkene)

A

150 degrees
nickel catalyst

56
Q

how is an alkane created when an alkene reacts with hydrogen

A

by the addition of atoms across c=c double bond
which splits to form a c-c single bond

57
Q

what is the hydration of an alkene

think about water, getting drunk…

A

when an alkene is
reacted with steam
to produce an alcohol
(needs high pressure and a catalyst)

58
Q

what conditions are needed for the hydration of alkenes

A

300 degrees
70 atm
phosphoric acid catalyst

59
Q

what is unique about the hydration of alkenes reaction

A

it is reversible

to increase yield of ethanol unreacted ethene and steam can be passed back through the catylyst

60
Q

what halogens do alkenes react with

A

chlorine
bromine
iodine

61
Q

what are the conditions for the reaction of alkenes and halogens

A

no special conditions

62
Q

word equation for reaction of alkene and halogen

A

alkene + halogen =
di halogen alkane

where the halogen is one of the following : (iodo, bromo, chloro)

63
Q

why does the reaction of halogens and alkenes form a dihalogenalkane

A

the halogen atoms add across the double bond
double c=c bond breaks
so no longer an alkene

halogens are diatomic hence (di)

64
Q

important thing to remember about halogens

A

All of the halogens exist as diatomic molecules

a pair of atoms chemically bonded

65
Q

first 4 alkenes

A

ethene
propene
buene
pentene

66
Q

functional group of alcohols

A

O-H

67
Q

what are alcohols used as

A

fuels
solvents eg
( perfume, mouthwash)

68
Q

what can ethanol be used in

A

alcoholic drinks

69
Q

structural formula for methanol
( a simplified version that scientists use)

A

CH3OH

70
Q

structural formula for ethanol

A

CH3CH2OH

71
Q

structural formula for propanol

A

CH3CH2CH2OH

72
Q

structural formula for butanol

A

CH3CH2CH2CH2OH

73
Q

2 ways to make ethanol

A

hydration of ethene
fermentation of sugar

74
Q

advantage of hydration of ethene to make ethanol

A

high yeild

75
Q

disadvantage of hydration of ethene to make ethanol

A

needs a lot of energy
ethene comes from finite crude oil

76
Q

describe process of fermentation of sugar to make ethanol

A

mix sugar solution with yeast

yeast converts sugar solution to a solution of ethanol (aq)

77
Q

what conditions are needed for the fermentation of sugar to produce ethanol

A

30 degrees
anaerobic conditions
(without o2)

78
Q

adavantages of using fermentation of sugar to produce ethanol

A

low temp -not much energy
sugar from plants - renewable

79
Q

disadvantages of using fermentation of sugar to produce ethanol

A

ethanol produced is dissolved in water (aq)

must then be distilled to get pure ethanol

this distillation requires energy

80
Q

are alcohols soluble in water

A

yes

81
Q

what type of solutions do alcohols form

A

alcohols form neutral solutions

82
Q

what happens to solubility of alcohols as the carbon chain increases

A

as the number of carbon atoms increases, the solubility decreases.

83
Q

word equation for reaction between alcohol and sodium

A

alcohol + sodium = alkoxide + hydrogen

84
Q

complete the following reaction for ethanol and sodium

ethanol + sodium =

A

sodium ethoxide + hydrogen

85
Q

what happens when an alcohol reacts with sodium

A

hydrogen in released
alkoxide is formed

86
Q

what happens when alkoxides are added to water

A

if alkoxides are added to water they form strongly alkaline solutions

87
Q

what happens when alcohols react with an oxidising agent

A

they produce a carboxylic acid and water

88
Q

word equation for ethanol and oxidising agent

A

ethanol= ethanoic acid and water

89
Q

word equation for combustion of alcohols

A

alcohol + oxygen = carbon dioxide + water

90
Q

what happens when alcohol undergoes combustion

A

energy is released

91
Q

balance the following combustion equation of ethanol

C(2)H(5)OH + O(2) =
CO(2) + H(2)O

A

first balance carbons
2 on reactants
1 on products
- so put large 2 infront of CO(2)

now balance hydrogen atoms
6 on reactants
2 on products
- so put large 3 infront of H(2)O
now there are 6 hydrogens on products

lastly balance Oxygen
3 on reactants- C(2)H(5)OH & O(2)
7 on products - 2CO(2) & 3H(2)O

  • so as you need 4 more oxygens in reactants put large 2 infront of O(2)
    so….
    C(2)H(5)OH + 2O(2) =
    2CO(2) + 3H(2)O
92
Q

balance C4H9OH + O2 = CO2 + H2O

A

C4H9OH + 6O2 = 4CO2 + 5H2O

93
Q

what are the 4 reactions of alcohols that you need to learn

A

sodium
burn in air
added to water
oxidising agent

94
Q

functional group of carboxylic acid

A

OH-C=O

95
Q

structural / displayed formula for methanoic acid

A

HCOOH

96
Q

structural / displayed formula for ethanoic acid

A

CH3COOH

97
Q

structural / displayed formula for propanoic acid

A

CH3CH2COOH

98
Q

structural / displayed formula for butanoic acid

A

CH3CH2CH2COOH

99
Q

what happens when carboxylic acids are added in water

A

they are partially ionised to form weakly acidic solutions
they lose a hydrogen

100
Q

in water what are carboxylic acids

A

weak acids

101
Q

what is formed when ethanoic acid is dissolved in water

A

a negative eth(anoate) ion
a positive hydrogen ion

102
Q

why are carboxylic acids weak acids

A

they only partially ionise in aqueous solution

103
Q

what does it mean when you say carboxylic acids only partially ionise

A

the carboxylic acid molecules dont all release their hydrogen ions

104
Q

compare ph of carboxylic acids (weak) and strong acids

A

carboxylic acids have a higher ph than strong acids
eg hydrochloric acid

105
Q

word equation for carboxylic acid + metal carbonate

A

carboxylic acid + metal carbonate = salt + water +carbon dioxide

106
Q

complete word equation for propanoic acid +potassium carbonate

A

propanoic acid +potassium carbonate =
potassium propanoate + water + carbon dioxide

107
Q

what is formed from reacting carboxylic acid and alcohol

A

an ester + water

108
Q

what are esters used in/ why

A

foods/ perfumes
have a nice smell

109
Q

name an ester and how its made

A

ethanoic acid+ ethanol= ethyl ethanoate

110
Q

what catalyst is needed to produce ethyl ethanoate

A

sulfuric acid catalyst

111
Q

is the reaction between a carboxylic acid and alcohol reversible

A

yes

112
Q

how are carboxylic acids made

A

by reacting an alcohol and an oxidising agent

113
Q

the reaction of a carboxylic acid dissolved in water is reversible. what does this mean

A

the ethanoate ion and H+ ion can recombine to a carboxylic acid.

114
Q

what is a monomer

A

the identical molecules that are added to create a polymer

115
Q

what is an addition polymer

A

a polymer made up of alkene monomers

116
Q

what is a repeating unit

A

the short hand way of showing the structure of a polymer is called

117
Q

how are polymers made

A

by adding together thousands of small identical molecules

118
Q

what are the two types of polymers

A

addition
condensation

119
Q

do additon polymers have the double c=c bond like its seperate monomers

A

no

120
Q

how are polymers named

A

poly,
followed by the name of the
monomer

121
Q

the short hand way of showing the structure of a polymer is called

A

the repeating unit

122
Q

how do you work out the repeating unit of a polymer

A

take any two carbon atoms that are next to eachother

draw these with the hydrogens attatched

put in brackets with a small n on the right

123
Q

what should you remember about the atoms in a polymer and its monomer

A

all the atoms in the monomer end up in the polymer

124
Q

what is the polymer for chloroethene called

A

poly(chloroethene)

125
Q

how are esters formed

A

carboxylic acid + alcohol
(sulfuric acid catalyst)
= ester

126
Q

what is meant by a condensation polymer

A

Chemistry (18 decks)

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